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除了在军事上必须要使被打倒在地的失败者无法翻身以外,骑在德国身上的战胜国还毫不留情地扼住了老对手的经济咽喉。
《凡尔赛和约》使德国损失了1/8的领土、12%的人口、16%的煤炭产地和50%的钢铁基地,但在另一方面又规定了德国必须向战胜国总共支付1320 亿金马克的战争赔款,并以每年支付20亿金马克和26%的出口收入来予以兑现。向一个国库已被战争掏空,资源被强制缩小的国家索取如此巨大的赔款,这无疑 是在把它逼向绝路。这不仅不可能催生民主与和平,而且一定会孕育出欧洲新的动荡和灾难。因为这种极端的压榨只能种下德国复仇的祸根。遗憾的是,能认识到这 一点的欧洲政治家可谓凤毛麟角。当时在英国曾有一名国会议员孤独而固执地坚持着自己反对裁军的意见,他的理由是:德国在“一战”后所负担的过重赔款压力会 衍生仇外情绪,将来可能演变成破坏《凡尔赛和约》的力量。这位议员就是后来的英国战时首相邱吉尔。
那么,德国人所处的经济困境到了什么程度呢?
老市长举例说:“到了1923年,严重的通货膨胀使一个美元已经可以换到4万亿帝国马克了。有一个叫做特欧的博士在他死前完成的回忆录中提到,当时买一 个面包要花1000亿马克,一升牛奶要花3000亿马克。因此有一个作家写过一句名言:‘纳粹主义的诞生地不是在慕尼黑,而是在凡尔 赛。’你知道这个特欧博士在‘二战’时期是干什么的吗?他成了帝国军备部的副部长。
“1929年,全球性经济危机的爆发把德国经济直推崩溃的边缘,仅仅在两年内,德国的失业人数就达到600多万人,占当时全部人口的1/10,占就业人 口的一半以上。当时德国的家庭人口比现在多,父母带三、四个孩子和两个老人一起生活的家庭很普遍,而在这样一个大家庭里挣钱的劳动力经常只是一个人。这意 味着,德国已面临整个民族的生存危机。
“在这样的困境下,魏玛共和国无能为力,国际社会也没有救助。现实把德国逼向了绝地--德国呼唤 强人、呼唤铁腕,德国只能在极左和极右两者之间进行选择。谁能把德国从危机中拯救出来,谁就会成为大众拥戴的领导者。1930年9月14日是德国走向独裁 的关键的一天,那天共有640万选民把他们的选票投给了国家社会主义工人党及其领袖希特勒。1933年1月30日,希特勒上台成为帝国总理。你看,先天不 足的德国式民主最终产下了一个怪胎,居然造就了专制独裁,这难道不是民主的悲剧吗?难道不是对西方战胜国遏制德国策略的一种讽刺吗?”
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