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德国老兵:如果没希特勒出现 德国依然会发动二战

2016-10-28 16:21:33   

无论这种假设是否有意义,它至少反映了一点:相当一部分德国人至今仍然对纳粹德国在发动‘二战’之前的行径予以完全肯定。那么,希特勒在1933年上台直至1939年发动“二战”之间的所作所为对德国民众究竟意味着什么?

作为教育学专家的老市长曾长期研读二战前后的欧洲历史,因为在德国凡涉及教育就离不开对两次大战历史的了解和分析。

 他认为,“二战”不是孤立存在的,它是“一战”历史的延续,而“一战”是欧洲列强的长期利益争夺的必然。在欧洲的历史上,德国不过是一个后起的强势争夺 者。德国之所以在“二战”中失去道义,第一在于它在全球性厌战的大形势下发动了侵略战争,第二在于它把种族灭绝政策融入了军事行为。

这 使我想到了中国的“春秋无义战”之说。的确,在“一战”前的漫长历史中,信奉着“社会达尔文主义”的欧洲列强在外交方面无一不推崇弱肉强食的丛林法则。 “独立”、“自由”、“主权”……都只适用于自身。为了自身利益的扩展,武力征服是它们对外使用的第一语言。对于这一点,被英法联军打进圆明园的中国人体 会尤深。说白了,德国无非是坏得比较迟,而且坏过了头。

要想了解德国民众为什么选择这个“坏过了头”的纳粹党,就必须知道“一战”给德国留下的是什么。对这一点,老市长给我做了一番简洁而清晰的勾画:

 魏玛共和国在德国历史上是一个不存在共和党人的共和国。德国在“一战”之后选择共和制,绝非民众民主意识的提高,而是出自在帝制崩溃后的一种对西方强国 政体的无可奈何的机械效仿。“一战”失败的内因是国力的衰竭--德国已无法承受继续维持战争所带来的经济重负。这就注定了这个封建的,军国主义的德国在尝 试民主体制方面会先天缺钙。另一方面,胜利的同盟国也根本没有给予德国丝毫恢复生机和滋生民主的机会。他们考虑的只是如何从战败的德国身上榨取自己的最大 利益,如何阻止德国再度强大并重新威胁到他们的安全。

为了这个目的,欢天喜地的胜利者彻底瓜分了德国在海外的全部领地。德属东非大部分 归属了英国和法国;德属西南非洲分给了南非联邦;新几内亚岛的德属部分被移交给了澳大利亚;萨摩亚群岛分到了新西兰手上;太平洋中部的马绍尔群岛、马里亚 纳群岛、加罗林群岛以及德国在中国山东的特权都转交给了日本。

按照《凡尔赛和约》的规定,德国的陆军被压缩成为10万人,海军只允许有 1.5万人存在,各种舰艇的总数只能有36艘,而对空军则完全禁止存在。坦克车、装甲车、潜艇一律不允许生产。这样的军力就连平息一场国内的大范围武装骚 乱都很困难,真正意义上的国防就更无从谈起了。除此之外,战胜国还规定莱茵河西岸地区要由协约国军队占领15年,莱茵河以东50公里内的范围一概作为军事 真空区。胜利者由此建立起了他们和德国之间的一道宽阔的安全缓冲区,而德国面对装备精良,兵力雄厚的邻国宿敌已基本丧失了抵御侵犯的能力。

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