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冷战中对手从未找出过克制之道的武器名单很短,在这其中毫无争议的就是洛克希德的SR-71,从天空旅行到科幻小说,
黑鸟 不断地诱发着人们的兴趣,很明显,它是航空史上的一座里程碑,它的成就可能永远不会被超越。
SR-71(“黑鸟”的名字是非官方的)是洛克希德的天才设计师克拉伦斯.约翰逊(Clarence ‘Kelly’ Johnson)和一群才华出众的设计师、工程师们的心血结晶。当苏联开始部署地空导弹的时候,这个想法就诞生了,当时美国人主要的间谍飞机是又高又慢的U-2。1960年,弗兰西斯.鲍尔斯(Francis G Powers)驾驶的一架U-2在苏联境内被地空导弹击落。U-2此时已经无法再适应这种任务,而美国空军需要一种高空飞行的超音速侦察机。1962年4月,洛克希德拿出了A-12的设计方案,并且将在1963年交给中情局(CIA)使用。这最终实现了SR-71的生产,并在1964年12月完成了首飞。在这个中情局的项目被关闭之前,只有13架A-12被制造出来。
黑鸟就是面对美国空军要求所做出的回应,它所拥有的速度和高度使得它能够安全地从世界任何一个国家上空飞过。然而,在第一次试飞之前还需要解决各种层面上的问题。驾驶着一架飞机在70000英尺高度上以3马赫速度飞行将会产生一系列严重的问题,主要是摩擦和极高的温度。当时,绝大多数超音速飞机都是短腿的,只能以高速飞行很短的时间。凯利.约翰逊意识到SR-71将不会是这样,它的任务要求使得飞机将在高空飞行相当长的一段时间,持续在高温的环境下浸泡,达到了一定温度的时候,飞机材料会拉伸,然后变得脆弱。仅这个就是臭鼬工厂的首要难题。最后的机体在延展和收缩的情况下都具备了结构和液压上的完整性。一名当时驾驶SR-71的飞行员评论道:“在以高马赫数飞行时,这架飞机真的变得很热,即便是带着抗压手套,我的手指刚触到风挡玻璃就被烫伤了。飞机风挡的温度大约为华氏400°F,即便是你穿了全套飞行服在超音速巡航,你仍旧能够感受到从座舱盖上散发出来的热量。”
罗伯特.吉利兰(Robert J Gilliland)成为了SR-71项目的首席试飞员,他是第一个驾驶这种飞机升空的,而他的建议在飞机逐渐被完善的过程中也是相当重要的。吉利兰在朝鲜战争中驾驶过F-84,也是F-104战斗机项目的高级试飞员之一,他回忆道:“凯利.约翰逊是我见过最聪明的人之一,他拿出的这个设计方案已经远远领先于时代。他比起任何一个人都知道超音速飞机设计的复杂性,能够让发动机吸入足够的空气,也能够让机体承受极高的温度。相比之下,航天飞机和X-15都是被设计用于高速飞行,但所有的氧气都储存在化学和火箭发动机里。相反,SR-71通过大气层获得氧气。当飞机以巡航速度在相对应的高度飞行时,空气的密度只占海平面的1%,这是根本上的参考系。我之前提到的所有3种飞机都不具备机动性,简而言之,你就是无法转弯,因为你飞得比一发刚出膛的0.303英寸步枪子弹还快。”
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