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欧洲最显赫的哈布斯堡家族为何输给千余瑞士农民

2016-10-24 14:47:01   冷兵器研究所

瑞士人的指挥官则是老样子,将自己的军队组成了一个巨大的楔形阵,以卢塞恩部队组成自己的右翼面对奥地利人,而三林州的部队组成左翼。显然,瑞士人以三林州的老兵作为预备队。

战斗是在大约正午时分开始的,战斗一开始对瑞士人非常不利。利奥波德三世让骑士下马使用骑枪被证明是一个绝妙的主意。在密集的方阵中,骑枪对长戟的长度优势发挥的淋漓尽致。右翼第一排的卢塞恩士兵死伤无数,其中还包括他们的两个贵族指挥官。

初战的不利并没有吓倒左翼三林州的老兵,他们向顺时针方向旋转,企图攻击敌人的后方二线部队。此时一件意外发生了,根据瑞士历史上的传说,此时在与奥地利人的第一线交战的卢塞恩军队中,有一名叫做阿尔里德·冯·雷克李德的勇士,飞身扑到奥地利人的骑枪上,用自己的身体拽倒了一片长矛,在敌人如林一般的骑枪中打开了一个缺口。瑞士士兵乘机冲进了缺口,突破了奥地利人的阵线,扭转了不利的局势。苏格兰诗人兼历史小说作家沃尔特.司各特(《艾梵赫》的作者)曾为此创作过一首诗歌:

“我有一个贤惠的妻子,

她和我们刚刚出生的儿子等在家中:

为了祖国,我离开了他们。

因此,我们一定要胜利!”

危机关头,

他冲向奥军的队伍中,

用身体、胸膛和双手抵挡敌人的长矛;

四支长矛刺穿了他的胸膛,

六支将他的身体撕裂,

在密集的矛锋中,他坚持反抗,

用尽全力,挣扎出敌人的队伍,死去!”

虽然温克里德的事迹颇为感人,但其真实性还是值得考证。因为关于这件事情的最早一次记载是在1533年,也就是说是在一个半世纪后,在此之前却没有其他文字记载。

不管真实性如何,瑞士人确实突破了奥地利骑士的阵线。看到第一线被突破,利奥波德三世立即下令第二线部队上前,可是迂回的瑞士人的左翼部队牵制住了他的预备队,没有得到及时援助的第一线的缺口在瑞士人的猛攻下终于崩溃,溃逃的士兵冲垮了第二线的奥地利人。看到败局已定,位于最后方的奥地利辎重队逃走并带走了几乎全部战马,失去了马匹的奥地利骑士陷入绝境。事后统计,这场只有两个小时的战斗一共有200多名瑞士人,1800以上的奥地利人被杀。阵亡者中包括利奥波德三世本人,他应该是在企图挽回败局时被总崩溃的大潮淹没的,考虑到奥地利人的总兵力也只有4000人,这几乎可以被认为是一场对奥地利人的屠杀。

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