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民国政府国库只有10元 孙中山为何敢批20万军饷

2016-10-24 13:20:07   南京日报

看起来,无论宿敌比如载沣以及清廷,还是交战对手革命军,都将希望寄托于袁世凯。那么,袁世凯自己的主张或者说底线是什么呢?

袁世凯派出与革命军谈判的首席代表是唐绍仪,对方则为伍廷芳。唐绍仪所持谈判底线明确:君主立宪。溥仪在《我的前半生》里记载:一天,在散朝路上,那位袁罢官时曾去慰抚的世续指着自己脑后的辫子问袁:“大哥,你对这个打算怎么办?”袁肃然答道:“放心,我还是很爱惜它,总要设法保全它!”

但是,这不是为革命军所同意的选择。唐绍仪在第五轮谈判结束后,密电北京:到沪后,民军坚持共和,竟致无从讨论。

情势之变是,1912年1月1日,孙中山宣誓就任中华民国第一任临时大总统。至此,君主立宪已无任何实行的可行性,袁世凯不得不接受,也必须接受这一现实。之后他的目标变得单纯,说服清帝逊位。

1912年2月12日,皇太后隆裕以宣统皇帝名义颁发三道诏旨,第一诏即为清帝退位诏。第二天孙中山向参议院提出辞职,举袁为中华民国临时大总统。

1911年10月10日,在武昌打响起义第一枪,之后名为“辛亥革命”,中国历史在此转折——清亡,君主专制制度亦由此而亡。

19世纪末,面临列强压迫的清政府,举借外债以求运转,亦希望由内部更张而奋发上进……似乎都在合乎逻辑的结构之下。但是,两次战争所需赔付银两,举外债之外,便是竭泽而渔。十几年时间,国家财政收支竟剧增4倍左右。这当然不是生产发展的结果,种种巧立名目的新税,已使人民无可忍受。与清政府的苛榨对应,大变局时代,中国国民的整体性结构,尤其是先进分子,在现代化的潮流下,发生了前所未有的变化。

1894年孙中山上书李鸿章未果,随即在当年10月——香港兴中会总会成立后,计划在广州发动武装起义。1905年8月20日,中国同盟会成立,自此有了一个全国性的统一的革命组织。

在袁世凯与孙中山相见之后,孙中山先生曾评论:“维持现状,我不如袁,规划将来,袁不如我。为中国目前计,此十年内,似仍宜袁氏为总统,我专尽力于社会事业,十年以后,国民欲我出来服役,尚不为迟。”将孙中山评价的“现状”与“将来”,换成“旧”与“新”来定位两个政治人物,亦无不恰。

清既亡,旧的约束性条件与政治结构并未因革命而更张。这个时候,运转国家,急需资金。出任国务总理的唐绍仪只能重走旧途,向四国银行商借白银8500万两。且在签约之前,要求先垫付3500万两,以解燃眉之急。四国银行团已经答应垫款,但俄国抗议,坚持分润,于是不得已改向六国银行商借。可是新增加的日本与俄国却要求:此款不得用于满、蒙地区。事关满、蒙,应向日、俄分别磋商,不可让四国银行介入。而四国银行,又因不信任中国官僚,即使借款,也要求由四国派员监督使用……经过复杂异常的运作,这笔善后大借款终于达成协议:借款总额2500万英镑(相当于2亿银元)。以盐税、海关税以及直隶等四省的中央税为担保。

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