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民国政府国库只有10元 孙中山为何敢批20万军饷

2016-10-24 13:20:07   南京日报

南京临时政府向列强的借款尝试,就此结束?没有。仍是骆宝善的精细梳理:汉冶萍公司抵押贷款未成之后,孙中山又转而谋求向日本贷款,表示应允租借满洲,只是未能谈判成功罢了。南京临时政府财政之困窘于此可见。

在既有的也是屈辱的政治结构之下,政治人物之选择,也确实有限。在此背景下再来看中华民国大总统之位的“非袁莫属”,如果仅仅解释为袁世凯的权谋,失之简单。

武昌起义事发,清政府最初的选择并非袁世凯,而是议定由陆军大臣荫昌督师,率领陆军两镇前往湖北剿办。当时任军咨府第二厅厅长的冯耿光记录:荫昌走进来了,他身穿袍褂,脚下却蹬着一双长筒的军用皮靴。他不仅打扮很奇特,而且走上来时,十足地摆出一副三花脸的姿态……当时在座的人们向他“恭喜”说:“有旨意命您督师到湖北去。”荫昌就有声有色地说:“我一个人马也没有,让我到湖北去督师,我倒是用拳去打呀,还是用脚去踢呀?”

荫昌当然没有一个人马,北洋新军是袁世凯练出来的。主持《袁世凯全集》编纂与整理的研究员骆宝善统计:在袁“退休”的2年8个月时间,前来拜访会晤的各色人等,有名姓可考者,至少有一百二三十人之多。骆宝善分析说:“罢官固然是仕途一大坎坷,但恰恰是他的这次闲居,坐养了民望。一旦武昌起义爆发,举国上下,各派政治力量,都把收拾局势的希望寄托在袁世凯身上。如果不被放逐朝堂,而成为皇族内阁的汉臣权相,武昌起义发生后,至少不会被革命党人视作合作取代清室的理想对象。”

四国银行团的美方代表司戴德,在武昌起义第二天即宣称:“如果清朝获得袁世凯那样强有力的人物襄助,叛乱自能平息。”随后,各国驻京公使团一致接受美国驻华公使嘉乐恒要清政府起用袁世凯的建议,由他会见摄政王载沣,转告这一意见。

3年前为报兄仇而将袁世凯扫地出门的摄政王载沣,此刻如何接受这一选择?清政府内阁协理大臣那桐解释不得不选择袁世凯:“大势今已如此,不用袁指日可亡;如用袁,覆亡尚希稍迟,或可不亡。”10月14日,清廷发布上谕,任命袁世凯为湖广总督,督办剿抚事宜;两周后,再发上谕:授袁世凯为钦差大臣。所有赴援之海陆军并长江水师,暨此次派出各路军队,均归袁节制调遣,陆军部不为遥制……清政府与袁世凯的角色关系,由此逆转。

而袁世凯的军队在攻克汉口与汉阳之后,停兵不再进攻武昌,提议议和。这个时候,革命军亦渐起“非袁莫属”之念。当时孙中山旗下最重要的人物之一汪精卫即宣称:“中国非共和不可,共和非公(袁世凯)促成不可,且非公担任不可。”黎元洪也致信袁世凯称:如果袁同意共和,当推他为“第一任中华共和总统”。南京被江浙联军攻克光复后,南方各省代表选举革命军大元帅,而不选总统——唐德刚解释:“实双方之意,均系虚此总统大位,有待袁世凯旦夕之附议,出掌民国之大政。”

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