军事 > 军事历史
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20161024/23806950_4.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/06/20 20:57:57

Powered by China
China

民国政府国库只有10元 孙中山为何敢批20万军饷

2016-10-24 13:20:07   南京日报

借款的谈判最初是秘密进行的,只向国会报告了一个谈判大纲。结果谈定之后,国会和全国舆论一致形成反对借款风潮——国会两次质问袁世凯政府,国会议长亲自出面阻止签字;而孙中山、黄兴、胡汉民等发通电,号召国民党全党“力行设法反对”,并在上海、香港等地多方活动,阻止借款签字。黄兴还联合国民党势力的湘、粤、皖、赣四省都督,向议会通电抗争。

这是政治“名实”结构错位。向列强借款,意味着丧权辱国,在政治上殊不可取,亦不正确,这是“名”。而“实”呢?即使孙中山为着临时政府的运作,在袁世凯政府之前,亦谋求更大幅度主权让渡的借款,只是未成功。若成功,还是否与袁世凯议和也是疑问。当时反对政府举债的独立、光复省份,自己的运作同样循借外债之道,手段也是以路权矿权为抵押。比如江西省就打算以南浔铁路为抵押举借外债,而当时南京临时政府则以划拨使用若干份额给中央为条件,批准了他们的举借外债。这项借款亦未获成功。

在南京临时政府难以自存,必须向袁世凯交权之际,为约束袁未来的权力膨胀,迅速制定了一部《临时约法》。南京临时政府是总统制,大总统有绝对的权力;《临时约法》则规定,中央政府为责任内阁,内阁总理向议会负责,大总统的政令须由内阁总理副署。这种因人而异制定的法律,能够约束袁世凯吗?

袁世凯选择的政府总理,是在朝鲜时即与他订交的唐绍仪。但是,不出3个月,唐挂印而去。为什么?当时直隶都督空出位置,直隶参议会一致推荐王芝祥,唐绍仪签请袁世凯委任,袁也同意。但后来袁改了主意,未经国务总理副署,便径直派王为宣慰使,回南京练兵,直隶都督由总统另行委派。如此执意而为,责任内阁制约总统袁世凯,岂有可能?再以袁世凯向四国银行求款而论,当时的财政总长熊希龄,几乎事事请示袁世凯,责任内阁根本没有话语权……“旧”袁世凯选择的内阁部长,几乎都是他的属下,如此安排下,用一套责任内阁制度来制约,也是想当然。即使如唐绍仪那样跟随袁世凯多年的总理,制度给予他的权力与实际他能够拥有的权力,相差何止千里。

西方制度的本土化,尚且需要时日,何况这套本是基于不信任且因人而设的制度。制度崇拜的失败,此为一例。

无论曾经的臣属袁世凯,还是“反对党”孙中山,当权所面临的问题与过去做臣属或“反对党”断然有别。若以现代化的中国进程角度观察,在中国那种半封建半殖民地的境况下进入现代化轨道,当国者如何集中权力以筹措并积累资源,是远比政制来得更急迫的挑战。孙中山、黄兴北上与袁世凯商谈国是之后,民国元年八月,双方达成“八点共识”,即《协定内政大纲八条》。针对中央政府的资源筹措,其中第六条即称:军事、外交、财政、司法、交通,皆取中央集权主义……中央集权,这算得上双方共识之一。

只是,共识过于脆弱短暂。本来,中央集权与个人独裁之间就界线模糊,至少从结果上看,袁根本没有在乎所谓界线问题——1914年12月29日参政院修正通过《修正大总统选举法》,根据这个选举法,袁世凯不但享有终身职务,而且死后传妻传子,悉听尊便。这时距武昌起义,刚过3年。共和,早被袁弃。

之前,由于宋教仁被刺杀,孙中山决定“二次革命”,起义讨袁。此次战端但开,历史学家唐德刚评价说:民主共和政体的实验,以全盘失败告终。

责任编辑:谢辉
上一页4/4下一页
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20161024/23806950_4.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/06/20 20:57:57

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20161024/23806950_4.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/06/20 20:57:57

Powered by China
China

相关阅读

404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20161024/23806950_4.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/06/20 20:57:57

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20161024/23806950_4.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/06/20 20:57:57

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20161024/23806950_4.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/06/20 20:57:57

Powered by China
China
分享到:
0 0
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20161024/23806950_4.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/06/20 20:57:57

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20161024/23806950_4.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/06/20 20:57:57

Powered by China
China

美图推荐

404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20161024/23806950_4.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/06/20 20:57:57

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20161024/23806950_4.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/06/20 20:57:57

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20161024/23806950_4.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/06/20 20:57:57

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20161024/23806950_4.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/06/20 20:57:57

Powered by China
China

为您推荐

加载更多>>
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20161024/23806950_4.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/06/20 20:57:57

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20161024/23806950_4.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/06/20 20:57:57

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20161024/23806950_4.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/06/20 20:57:57

Powered by China
China