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红军到达陕北奠基之战:红军娃娃兵勇猛歼敌3个团

2016-10-21 16:11:51   

直罗镇之战被定义为“红军到达陕北的奠基礼”,“奠基”二字可谓精炼。此战的胜利不仅对长征结束的中央红军,对陕北苏区乃至中国革命都有十分深远的意义。

娃娃兵”苦撑陕北危局

1935年10月19日,以原中央红军为班底的红军陕甘支队到达陕北吴起镇,21日在吴起镇五里沟口之战中击溃了国民党军尾追的骑兵,全歼1个东北军骑兵团,保证了侧后安全。11月初,陕甘支队与陕北红军在甘泉县的陕甘边苏维埃政府驻地会师。而当时,陕北根据地正承受着来自内外的巨大压力。

当时的陕北红军主要包括红26军、27军和一些地方部队,约3000余人。然而,当时陕北红军内部受错误思潮影响很大,连根据地创始人刘志丹在内的不少领导干部,都受到了不公正对待甚至错误处理。而从1935年7月开始,蒋介石调集东北军和陕西、甘肃、宁夏、山西、绥远(今属内蒙古)5省国民党军共13个师近10万人,采取“南进北堵、东西夹击”战法,对陕甘苏区发动第3次“围剿”。中央红军到达吴起镇时,陕北红军正在进行艰苦的反“围剿”作战。

陕北另一支生力军是红25军。自1934年11月从鄂豫皖苏区开始长征后,红25军因没有电台,无法和中央联系。1935年7月,在鄂豫陕苏区(红25军长征途中建立的根据地)的袁家沟口之战后,红军缴获一台15瓦电台,却不知道新的联络密码。当月,红25军在西安附近从报纸上得知中央红军主力正向陕北开进,决定前往陕甘苏区与之会师。7月16日,红25军主力离开沣峪口(西安长安区城区南边约35公里处的秦岭北麓)北上,9月18日渡过渭河,在陕西延川与红26军、27军会师,合编为红15军团,辖75师(红25军改编)、78师(红26军改编)、81师(红27军改编),共7000余人,红25军军长徐海东担任军团长,刘志丹任副军团长兼参谋长,政委程子华。

除了“反围剿”和与错误思潮做斗争外,这套两军合一的领导班子也面临着不少新问题。当时,“初来乍到”的红25军是红15军团主力。这支红军偏师一路杀到陕北,创造了多个“唯一”:长征中唯一兵力不减反增的队伍、唯一成功创建根据地的队伍、唯一发展了地方游击师的队伍。

资料图:描绘直罗镇战役的画作。

但令人意外的是,这样一支充满传奇色彩的英雄部队,绝大部分指战员竟然都是些年仅十六七岁的青少年,军政主官大多30岁左右。由于缺乏有经验的基层干部,部队组织管理压力很大,战斗中年龄稍大的指挥员往往要带头冲锋。为缓解干部匮乏的困难,1935年7月17日,中共鄂豫陕省委代理书记、红25军政委吴焕先给中央打报告请求支援军事和地方干部。而写完这份报告仅1个多月(8月21日),他就在甘肃泾川四坡村指挥战斗时牺牲,年仅28岁。

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