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1919年,德国战败,北洋政府将参战军和原徐树铮的西北边防军合编为西北边防军,1919年2月,徐树铮派出一个旅的兵力,在大青山北进行军事演习,并从西北边防军中选拔精锐积极备战,他本人在多伦建立前进指挥所。在中国方面的军事压力之下,以第八世哲布尊丹巴为首的外蒙王公贵族失去了靠山,被迫遣使多伦,表示愿意回归中华祖国。
第八世哲布尊丹巴,即蒙古活佛,他被称为蒙古国的开创者,实际上大权却从一开始就掌握在苏联顾问手中。他沉于酒色,追求享乐,对国家、民族等概念全无原则,后冯玉祥过库仑曾经准备和他会晤,却发现他身染性病,闭门不出,大权旁落,所有的事务一律交给苏俄人员处理,上演塞北版的“此间乐,不思蜀”。回顾蒙古民族的历史,对此人只有浩叹。他表示“愿意回归中华祖国”,只不过是缓兵之计,根本没有诚意,实际意图首鼠两端,以为得利。因此,北洋政府派都护使陈毅总督——可不是后来的陈毅元帅,到库仑与外蒙王公谈判,经过艰苦努力达成的《改善蒙古未来地位六十三条》(这个艰苦谈判的成果,给了外蒙相当优越的民族自治地位),却遭到外蒙“议会”的否决。
1919年10月,徐树铮率领中国西北边防军第一师,计步兵二旅,骑兵一团,挥师出塞,向库伦进发,拉开了中国军队收复外蒙的战幕。
徐树铮是典型的中国传统谋略型将领,外蒙古地域辽阔,中国军队实际上兵力不足,且军械皆来自国外贷款,徐定谋于“柔不可守”“弱者示以强”,虚张声势,效仿孔明增灶,一路上旌旗招展、大肆张扬,自以为能成为左宗棠做收复新疆之第二人,直取库仑。
库仑当局和战不定,加上中国军队为西北边防军精选的劲旅,因此在路上,蒙古哨卡对这支军队基本不敢抵抗,对于异动者,徐轻袍缓带,于门哥托草原摆下鸿门宴,杀一儆百,从而造成了当地蒙古高层人士的臣服。唯一敢于和中国军队交战的是原俄国顾问变成的白俄股匪,但是他们只是劫掠物资,并无政治目的,因此无法阻挡中国军队的前进。中国骑兵曾经和俄军交手,对所谓哥萨克骑兵的骑术也并不恭维,他们唯一比中国军队厉害的地方是下坡的时候敢于双手放开,依靠双脚控马,依然能够持枪还击。而中国军队只有上坡的时候敢做这个动作。一路上徐树铮记录日记,对在外蒙古看到长城非常诧异,他怀疑是秦代长城的余脉,并认为应该为外蒙古修建公路,加强中华文化教育。但他主要的精力还是在军事上,他认为外蒙威胁西伯利亚交通,苏俄如有机会,必进占我边疆领土,便占领库仑,不得全功,因此随即命令高在田等部队离开主力,攻取买卖城(今恰克图)、乌里雅苏台、科布多、唐努乌梁海等地。因为中国军队进展迅速,俄国方面内乱重重,猝不及防,因此未及做出反应,只能坐视中国军队占领外蒙各要点。
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