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北洋政府军事行动纪实:出兵外蒙和西伯利亚

2016-10-12 14:44:23   

本文摘自《兵进北边》,萨苏著,中国书店出版

战后中国政府在北方的军事行动纪实

(1)徐树铮立马库仑

“购我头颅十万金,真能忌我亦知音”——徐树铮

中国近代历史上,曾经有一次鲜为人知的军事行动,那就是北洋军阀政府的出兵外蒙和西伯利亚。

第一次世界大战之后,苏俄一片混乱,十月革命后,红军节节胜利,俄罗斯远东领土落入无政府状态,原来由俄国支持的外蒙古独立势力也顿失重心。中国北洋政府利用这个有利时机,一方面派遣徐树铮将军出兵西北,伺机收复外蒙古,一方面于1918年决定出兵俄国西伯利亚,参加联合干涉军,屏护三江,并进一步设法收复东北失地。

外蒙古一路的总指挥是徐树铮将军。

说起来,那时的中国,虽然积贫积弱,内战不休,但是面对国家大义,依然不乏一腔热血的爱国志士。

徐树铮,江苏萧县人。秀才出身。北洋军阀皖系名将,文武双全,1905年被保送日本陆军士官学校,毕业后回国任段祺瑞部第六镇军事参议及第一军总参谋,是段琪瑞的得力助手。此人风流自赏,豪气干云,曾赋诗曰:“购我头颅十万金,真能忌我亦知音。”张学良对其敬佩有加,称为“上马杀贼,下马露布”。萨的看法,此人乃是周公谨一流,才堪顾曲,但气度狭隘,而单论外蒙一事,乃真正有利于国家社稷。

徐颇有政治头脑,对孙中山及其领导的革命党素来具有亲近之情。他和北洋老将徐世昌并称“两徐”,徐世昌被称为老徐,而徐树铮被称为小徐。袁世凯称帝时,他力劝段祺瑞抵制,一度被袁免职。1917年他主导策动了张勋赶走黎元洪,事后又讨平张勋的军事行动,时任陆军部次长,积极主张武力统一全国。1911年辛亥革命发生的时候,外蒙古在沙俄的威逼利诱和卖国王公的唆使下,宣布独立,脱离祖国。孙中山、徐树铮等对此都表示强烈的愤怒,报界称为“当时中国唯一决心要不惜一切代价保卫外蒙失土的两个爱国者”。但是当时中国没有能力保卫自己的边疆,所以除了抗议之外只能坐视。到十月革命前夕中国在外蒙的主权几乎丧失殆尽,外蒙已沦为沙俄的殖民地!

十月革命造成的混乱把外蒙古送回到了中国面前。

但是,如何在不刺激列强的前提下,依靠有限的力量夺回这片领土呢?这就是北洋政府考虑的一个重要问题。实际上,从一战爆发,北洋政府就在考虑利用俄国在远东力量的削弱收复外蒙,具体的执行者就是徐树铮将军。当时,中国宣布参加一战,徐毛遂自荐,编练中国参战军,驻屯西北,他认为,收复外蒙只是个时机的问题,因此名义上准备投入对德作战,实际上随时准备出兵库仑(乌兰巴托)。

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