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毛泽东筹划用武力解放台湾为何没能实现?

2016-10-11 15:13:43   何立波 中国共产党新闻网

1957年4月16日,毛泽东和周恩来在会见苏联最高苏维埃主席伏罗希洛夫时说:“国共过去已经合作了两次,我们还准备进行第三次国共合作。”翌日,《人民日报》首次向外公布了共产党准备与国民党进行第三次合作的消息,在海内外引起很大的震动。

毛泽东、周恩来多次就和平解放台湾的具体方针政策进行阐述,其要点有:一是省亲会友、来去自由。中国政府充分理解在台湾的国民党军政人员及早与家人团聚的心情的愿望,他们可以同在大陆的亲友通信,可以回到大陆省亲会友,各级人民政府保证来去自由并提供各种方便和协助;二是既往不咎、立功受奖;三是国共合作、爱国一家,台湾问题是内政问题,中国共产党准备与国民党进行第三次国共合作;四是和平解放、互不破坏。

毛泽东巧妙利用炮击金门,和蒋介石在“一个中国”问题上达成了一致

新中国成立后,在党中央和毛泽东解放台湾的步骤上,先要解放金门、马祖,然后再解放台湾。1958年,党中央和毛泽东根据战事的发展和美蒋关系的变化,作出了“暂不收复金、马”的重要决策。

这一年,蒋介石派兵轰炸我沿海地带,并向美国请求武力帮助,两岸局势顿时紧张起来。面对日益紧张的台海局势,为了维护国家主权领土的完整,中共中央和毛泽东决定炮击金门。7月12日,毛泽东下达了准备炮击金门的命令。8月17日,毛泽东到北戴河亲自指挥炮击金门战事。8月20日,毛泽东下达炮击金门的决定:立即集中力量炮击金门,把它封锁起来。在毛泽东的亲自指挥下,8月23日至9月3日,解放军用炮火封锁了金门,拿下金门指日可待。正在此时,毛泽东突然下达命令:前线各部队从9月4日起停止炮击金门3天。这一决定令国内外大为费解。时任福州军区司令员的叶飞在回忆录中说:“毛主席决定不拿下金门,现在看来有一个很重要的原因,就是要留下一个对话的渠道。”

金门炮战爆发伊始,美国态度强硬,声称要介入“台海危机”,但其实际行动只是为国民党向金门运送补给的船队“护航”。为避免卷入中国内战,美舰护航仅到金门3海里以外,空军并不介入。然而,解放军猛烈的炮火使其补给船队屡遭重创,美国“护航”行动连遭失败。美国先是呼吁停火,然后逼迫蒋介石从金、马撤军。美国此举,一是摆脱自己进退维谷的被动局面,二是斩断蒋介石与大陆联系的纽带,以便实行“两个中国”、“一中一台”的图谋。但蒋介石予以坚决抵制,断然拒绝了美国提出的“撤退金、马”的建议,美蒋矛盾激化。此时,毛泽东清楚地意识到美国逼蒋放弃金、马的意图,重新考虑了立即解决金、马问题的利弊。为反对美国分离台湾、制造“两个中国”,将金、马留在台湾当局手中,更符合国共两党“一个中国”的共同利益。于是,党中央和毛泽东作出了暂不收复金、马的新决策。

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