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毛泽东筹划用武力解放台湾为何没能实现?
2016-10-11 15:13:43 何立波 中国共产党新闻网
进入50年代中期,国内外形势发生了许多新的变化。国内各项社会改革取得伟大成绩,经济建设已成为整个国家生活中的主要任务,人民需要一个和平安宁的环境来从事经济建设。在台湾,国民党当局于1955年前后完成了“党改”、“土改”工作,岛内政局趋于稳定,民众不希望看到新的战争发生。在国际上,朝鲜停火得以维持,印度支那问题和平解决的协议也已经达成;美国虽与台湾签订了所谓的《共同防御条约》,但并不想过深地卷入与中国的对抗。另一方面,武力解放台湾,面对200多公里的台湾海峡,如果没有强大的海、空军支持是不行的。特别是美国还横在海峡两岸之间干涉中国内政,成为解放台湾最大的阻力。
在这种情况下,中共中央和毛泽东适时调整政策和策略,将解放台湾作为一项战略任务来看待。为了中华民族的长远利益,从祖国统一的大计着想,毛泽东逐渐考虑在不改变武力攻打台湾及附近岛屿的同时,探求其他解决办法,并由周恩来在外交口寻找机会,争取和平解放的可能。党中央和毛泽东决定由周恩来负责此项工作。1954年7月,毛泽东致函周恩来,指示加强对台工作,以完成祖国的统一。根据毛泽东的建议,中央决定成立对台工作领导小组,周恩来直接领导对台工作。8月27日,周恩来在接见朝鲜南日外相时说:“在台湾问题上,我们总的口号是:解放台湾。但是,这要有步骤地进行,因为中国海军还未锻炼好,各方面的准备还需要时间。”9月25日,中共中央在《关于解放台湾宣传方针的指示》中指出:解放台湾是“我国的既定方针”,“斗争是长期的,因为我们没有强大的海、空军,就要有时间去把它建设起来”;“斗争是复杂的,因为这个斗争有国际和国内两个方面”。对内,解放台湾是我国的内政,要采取军事斗争的方法;对外,“在美国尚未参加战争的时候,要采取外交斗争的方法”。“除了军事斗争和外交斗争以外,还必须在宣传工作、政治工作、经济工作等方面同时加紧努力……扩大国际和平统一战线,孤立美国侵略集团,最后达到解放台湾。”
1955年4月召开的万隆会议,对我们和平解决台湾问题的宣传,是一个难得的机会。利用参加万隆会议的机会,阐明我国的外交政策以及对台立场,让更多的国家了解事实,支持我们,扩大我国的影响。另外还可以见机寻求与美国直接对话或谈判,以缓和台湾海峡紧张局势。为此,毛泽东和党中央决定由周恩来担此重任。行前,毛泽东与周恩来经过讨论,商定可在会议期间,相机提出在美国撤退台湾和台湾海峡的武装力量的前提下,和平解放台湾的可能。在万隆会议上,周恩来代表中国政府阐述了我们对外奉行的“和平共处五项原则”以及对目前台湾海峡局势的看法,博得了与会各国代表团的广泛同情与支持。许多国家纷纷要求美国政府响应中国政府的建议,尽早就缓和紧张局势,从台湾撤兵等问题与中国政府进行谈判。在万隆会议上,周恩来首次向外界表达了中国在可能的条件下和平解放台湾的信息。这一立场在国际上引起强烈反响,得到各国代表的普遍赞誉。
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