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解读长征:沙窝会议暴露了张国焘怎样的政治企图

2016-09-28 14:13:25   央广网

1935年7月18日,党中央任命张国焘为红军总政治委员后,他仍不满足。为了取得党和红军的最高领导权,张国焘率部到达毛儿盖地区后,再次向党中央发难。他在毛儿盖地区召开红四方面军干部紧急会议,公开宣布党中央执行的是机会主义路线,要用枪杆子来审查党的“政治路线”,要求将他提出的红四方面军一批干部批准为中央委员、政治局委员及书记处书记。并要求博古退出书记处与政治局,周恩来退出军委工作,不达目的即不进兵。同时,在红四方面军做反对党中央、反对中央红军的动员,全然不管中央号召的两军团结北上的政治任务。

在这种情况下,党中央仍希望通过耐心说服、批评教育,促使张国焘执行中央的北上方针。于是,党中央政治局决定在毛儿盖以南的沙窝举行会议。8月3日,由张闻天签发了《八月四日在沙窝召开政治局会议》的通知。沙窝会议开了3天,8月4日至6日。到会的有张闻天、毛泽东、周恩来、博古、朱德、张国焘、邓发、凯丰,以及刘伯承、陈昌浩、徐向前、傅钟等人。会议有两项议程:一是讨论一、四方面军会合后的形势与任务;二是讨论组织问题。

会上,张闻天首先作关于红一、四方面军会合后的决议草案的报告。在讨论这一报告即第一项议程时,毛泽东首先发言,就决议草案作了补充说明。他着重分析了西北地区的有利条件和困难条件,指出有利条件是:1.西北地区的主要敌人是蒋介石,他用全部力量来对付我们,但总的方面他的统治是削弱了。2.西北地区:一是帝国主义和封建势力统治最薄弱的地方;二是蒙、回、藏等少数民族最集中的地方,他们的革命要求很强。3.是靠近苏联,受苏联影响大,且能得到政治上物质上的帮助。这些特点于革命有利。困难条件是:人口稀少,物资缺乏,少数民族和气候复杂等,但这些都是能够克服的。

沙窝会议通过的《关于一、四方面军会合后的形势与任务的决议》。(资料图)

继之,朱德、邓发、何克全、张国焘、陈昌浩、刘伯承、周恩来、傅钟、博古等相继发言。发言者赞同张闻天的报告,并对决议草案的内容提出一些补充意见。同时,强调必须提高党在红军中的威信,认为这是增强红军战斗力的关键。这实际上是不指名地批评了张国焘的错误。

张国焘在会上极力为其错误进行辩解,认为退出川陕根据地和在少数民族地区建立联邦政府都是正确的。同时批评红一方面军退出中央革命根据地是打掩护战,有失败情绪,部队疲劳,纪律松弛,减员很大,应好好总结这方面的经验教训。陈昌浩在发言中也为张国焘的错误辩护,声称张国焘“没有反党的意思”,认为决议草案对张国焘的批评有些是“误会”。

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