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1980年代韩国曾搞现代版慰安妇:服务日本男游客

2016-09-23 13:59:24   黄永远 澎湃新闻网

20世纪80年代,伴随着民主化进程,韩国的女权运动也迈上了一个新的台阶。性买卖、性暴力、两性平权等成为女权运动集中关注的话题。尤其是韩国教会女性联合会强烈批判自朴正熙政府时期开始推行的“卖春观光”(性旅游),并戏称主要以日本男性游客为主的“卖春观光”堪称现代版的“慰安妇”制度。针对美军提供性服务的“基地村”、针对日本男性的“卖春观光”等以男性为中心的国家利益之名而任意操控女性的战后这一现实,也赋予了“慰安妇”问题以新的时代意义。1987年,尹贞玉教授和韩国教会女性联合会走到了一起。她们一方面开始寻访原“慰安妇”的踪迹,一方面开始联络国内各界女性团体,并于1990年11月,发起成立了团结韩国各大女性团体力量的韩国挺身队问题对策协议会(以下简称“挺对协”)。自那以来,“挺对协”一直是韩国最大且最具权威的旨在解决“慰安妇”问题的民间公益性运动团体。在此之外,尹贞玉教授还牵头成立了专业的研究机构——“挺身队研究会”(现“韩国挺身队研究所”),从研究领域支持“挺对协”的活动。

日本政府为了掩人耳目,于战败之际下令销毁了大量关于“慰安妇”的档案资料。因此,为了跟日方交涉,原“慰安妇”证人的存在就显得很有必要。虽然尹贞玉教授于80年代就曾到冲神等地寻访过原“慰安妇”,但是要让伤痕累累的老人亲口说出这一段往事谈何容易。就在“挺对协”苦苦等待之际,1991年7月,终于出现了一位名叫“金学顺”的老人。她主动找到相关负责人,并说明了自己来访的意图:

“我叫金学顺(当时67岁)。最近看新闻,发现像我这样的人(原“慰安妇”)尚且忍辱吞声,那帮神人共愤的坏蛋们却在说谎,我实在看不下去了。我没有丈夫,也没有孩子,就我独自一人,因此也没有什么好顾虑的。上帝让我活到现在,好像为的就是今天,那我就把该说的都说出去吧。”

就这样,1991年8月14日,金学顺老人以亲身经历为证词,成为第一个站出来揭露日军强征“慰安妇”暴行的活证人。上世纪90年代初,韩国社会的女性贞操观念依旧很强,金学顺老人此举无异于响彻隆冬的春雷。继她之后,其他的“慰安妇”受害者也受到了鼓舞,开始陆续出来作证。“挺对协”方面旋即于1991年9月开通“挺身队举报电话”,鼓励受害者揭露事实、捍卫正义。同时,“挺对协”极为重视这些活证人的证言,系统地听取、整理她们的口述资料,前后出版了7卷原“慰安妇”口述资料集。不仅如此,“挺对协”还于1991年1月8日开始组织每周一次在日本大使馆门口举行的“周三集会”,敦促日本政府正视历史,早日解决“慰安妇”问题。20余年来风雨无阻的“周三集会”,现已举行1200余次,俨然成为韩国“慰安妇”运动的一大象征性活动。

“慰安妇”受害者老人至今饱受身心折磨,解放后回国无依无靠的人占了很大一部分。“挺对协”从一开始就十分关注对她们的物质性帮助,并向政府施压,于1993年6月推动国会制定了相关法律,从医疗、住宅、生活补助等方面给老人们带去切实性的关怀。韩国的佛教界也出资建立了“分享之家”,为部分原“慰安妇”老人提供生活场所。不过,虽然“挺对协”和政府都鼓励受害者申报受害事实,但是截至目前,向政府申请登记的受害者只有238名。换言之,数万名的受害者或早已殒命于慰安所和战场,或碍于社会压力而依然被禁闭在沉默与伤痛之中。

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