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抗战时“伪军”究竟多少?学者:总数三到四百万人
2016-07-07 13:51:01 曹固强 红广角
亲日派是不是汉奸?中日两国是一衣带水的邻邦,历史上日本与中国有密切的经济文化往来,长期以来,日本从中国学习了不少先进的经济技术和文化思想,但进入近代以后,中国落伍了。1895年后,中国掀起了留学日本的热潮,想从日本学到富国强兵的方法,于是产生了一个留日学生群体。这个群体后来成为中国社会的一支重要力量。一般而言,在近代中国,留学出身的军阀、官僚、政客,当他们寻找帝国主义做靠山时,或多或少受其留学经历的影响。留日学生群体由于其留日经历,他们或多或少地接受了日本文化,有一种所谓“日本情结”。由于这种“日本情结”,他们对日本比较亲近,这就形成了中国社会的“亲日派”。那么“亲日派”是否就等同于汉奸呢?查阅抗日战争时期的一些历史文献,发现经常使用“汉奸亲日派”这个词,①把二者等同起来,其实这是不准确的。亲日充其量只是一种情感上的表露,从道德和法律上都算不上是汉奸。但是,在历史上,亲日派由于具有某种“日本情结”,后来大部分都当了汉奸。有学者考证,伪满洲国高级官员中,有22人留学日本,占被统计人数的45%;华北临时政府高级官员中,有12人留学日本,占被统计人数的52%;华中维新政府高级官员中,有6人留学日本,占被统计人数的40%;汪伪南京政府高级官员中,有14人留学日本,占被统计人数的27%。在统计的144名汉奸高官中,有54人留学日本,占被统计人数的38%。②
与日本人合作的老百姓(当顺民)是不是汉奸?面对日本帝国主义的侵略,被占领区的老百姓采取了三种方式以应对。一是有一定能力的,在日本侵略者到来之前就离开家乡逃到相对安全的地方,以至于抗日战争时期有几千万难民从东北华北向东南西南逃难;二是拿起武器反抗日本侵略者,于是,从东北华北到华中华南出现了大量民众组织的各种抗日武装,但这只占被占领区人口的少数;三是不愿或没有能力逃跑的,留下来了。他们或者不愿、或者没有能力反抗日本侵略者,他们在遭受了日本侵略者的各种威逼利诱甚至烧杀抢掠后,“为了保卫生命财产及安宁,对日寇采取了不抵抗主义,采取欢迎敌寇、当顺民、投降及组织维持会等等办法,以冀取得敌寇的欢心,不打、不烧、不杀,以求生命财产的安全。”①这部分人是不是汉奸?实质上,这部分人即使与日本侵略者合作,当了顺民,从他们的动机和行为来看,无论从法律还是道德上都不是汉奸。有的人硬要把他们定性为汉奸,这既有失公允,也极其有害,实际上就是“泛汉奸论”。
从上可知,汉奸既不是一个阶级,也不是一个阶层,在汉奸群体中既有国家栋梁、政党领袖、军界要人、商界大佬、知识精英;也有工人、农民和社会上的无业游民。
责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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