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难解史上犹太人:为什么总是容易受攻击迫害?

2016-07-04 14:55:12   人民网

本文摘自《美国种族简史》,[美] 托马斯·索威尔著, 中信出版社出版

犹太人不是来自哪一个国家或属于哪一种文化,而是来自许多的国家并属于不同的文化。到达北美殖民地的首批犹太人,是所谓的瑟法底犹太人,他们此前多少个世纪以来一直寄居在西班牙和葡萄牙,所处状况与后世美籍犹太人所来自的德国、俄国或东欧地区的状况比起来,是大不相同的。不管外人怎样把他们混为一谈,这些犹太人实际上是属于不同的群落。他们至今也没有完全融为一体。

今天,绝大多数的美国犹太人,都是1880~1920年间从俄国、波兰以及其他东欧国家移美犹太人的后代。在那40年当中,曾有1/3的东欧犹太人迁到了美国。

尽管因寄居的国家不同而产生了文化上的断裂。甚至内部在宗教理论和实践上也存在着分歧,但是犹太人不仅供奉古代以色列的同一始祖,分享宗教信仰和历史传统的共同内核,而且作为少数种族,不管旅居何处,都曾有在不同程度上长期遭到异族敌视的悲惨经历。其他种族是到美国才变成“少数”的,而犹太人在欧洲各国早就作为“少数”生活过几百年了。

故土

在公元70年,当罗马帝国的军队占领了巴勒斯坦时,古代犹太人就从自己的故土上被驱逐出来。从此开始流落异国他乡,多少世纪以来一直散居欧洲各地,乃至遍及全球。

基督教在整个欧洲取代了多神信仰之后,犹太人变为欧洲大陆唯一不信奉基督教的民族,故所到之处皆成“局外人”。这就使犹太人在基督教狂热时期(比如十字军东征)或宗教大恐怖时期(比如中世纪不时发生毁坏整个地区的灾祸)处于自身难保的境地。十字军穿过欧洲,向东讨伐穆斯林人,沿途时常停下来屠杀所在地区的犹太人,当地的暴徒也趁火打劫。当毁灭性的灾祸降临欧洲时,好多人认为那是上帝发怒的征兆,祈望通过把他们当中的犹太人赶尽杀绝来求得上帝息怒。除了这些多少是直接偏见和恐惧所引发的动机外,当时也还有许多居心不良的人,企图借助消灭犹太民族以捞取物质利益,因为犹太人被视为经济上和宗教上的竞争对手或者是债主,杀死债主及其合法继承人,这样就用不着还债了。在那个时代,极端无知的平民百姓容易被老奸巨猾的政界、经济界或宗教界的领导人所操纵,反犹太情绪就是这些领导人挑起的。在多少个世纪里,犹太人周期性地遭到迫害、屠杀或大批地从欧洲各国被驱赶出境。

在这些历史惨剧的间歇期里,犹太人就委曲求全。设法在不同文化、社会和经济环境的夹缝里寻求生存的机会。犹太人若想用武力来反抗,那无异于自取灭亡,因为在任何地方,他们在人数上都绝对寡不敌众。受外族欺压的爱尔兰人和意大利人,在其各自的国度里毕竟是人多势众,可以组织零星的暴动或进行地下恐怖活动,以对付征服者。外侮造就了爱尔兰人和意大利人的斗争精神,但对于处境截然不同的犹太人来说,外侮却养成了他们逆来顺受的心理,强调诉诸武力和暴行是徒劳的,认为在逆境中应当依靠自己的智慧、策略和韧性。当年犹太民族住在自己的祖国巴勒斯坦时,也曾经是个勇武善战的民族,正如现代的以色列人民再次表现出来的那样。但在他们散居异国他乡的那些漫长的年代里,情况并非如此。

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