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二战德军靠毒品支撑战斗 希特勒吃抗疲劳药物

2016-07-01 14:39:50   中国新闻网

国家卫计委全国合理用药监测系统专家孙忠实介绍,在二战期间,制药企业利用发酵工艺实现了青霉素的产业化生产,青霉素被大量使用。这在当时是一大进步,在这之前,青霉素的生产并未产业化,价格也比较高。

此后,青霉素及时抢救了许多伤病员。有关二战的一幅宣传画在某种程度上体现了青霉素对于士兵和当时特殊历史时期的重要性,宣传画中的标语为:“感谢青霉素,让受伤士兵可以安然回家。”青霉素被盟军士兵亲切地称为“救命药”。青霉素与原子弹、雷达并称为第二次世界大战中的三大发明。先后参与青霉素研发的弗莱明、钱恩、弗洛里于1945年共同获得诺贝尔医学和生理学奖。

正因为青霉素的发现及使用,还带动了抗生素家族的诞生。“抗生素的使用将人们的寿命平均延长了24岁。”孙忠实说道。

磺胺类药物:青霉素之前的消炎杀菌药

磺胺也是一种非常有效的抗感染药,早在二战之前的1936年便已经开始投入临床使用。在抗生素广泛应用之前,磺胺类药物是最好的杀菌药物。

磺胺的发现及使用在二战中对抗细菌感染起很大作用,大量减少了二战伤兵的死亡率。据报道,在伤口撒上磺胺粉以防感染,是每个美军士兵都被教导的基础战场急救知识的重要组成部分。二战中,每个美军士兵都配发了挂在腰带上的急救包,其中便装有一包磺胺粉和一卷绷带。磺胺粉和磺胺药片也是战场救护兵所携带的重要急救药物。

孙忠实告诉记者,当时,外科医生为伤员伤口消毒杀菌,一般都使用磺胺粉药物,直到解放战争时,磺胺粉仍在使用,“通常是在清创后涂抹,可以消炎杀菌、防感染。”在青霉素产量并不是很高的情况下,磺胺仍然是消炎杀菌药物的一个选择,“而且区别于青霉素的生物发酵工艺,磺胺是化学合成的药物,容易获得,战争期间的贡献也很大。”

抗疟疾药:避免军队大幅减员

除了上述药物,抗疟疾药也是二战时比较有代表性的药物。

孙忠实介绍,二战期间,在一些亚热带国家和地区,如印度尼西亚、菲律宾、泰国及中国云南、贵州等,难以控制的疟疾疫情成为很多士兵的死亡原因,而非战争。部分军队因此导致的减员也比较严重。“正因为如此,抗疟疾药的发现及使用也在二战期间产生重要影响。”

有资料显示,1943年,前美国国立卫生研究院院长詹姆斯·A·香农,担任Goldwater纪念医院的研究主管,并在药理学家E.K.马绍尔的介绍下,接受了美国政府的研究课题,从事抗疟疾药物的研究。

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