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二战德军靠毒品支撑战斗 希特勒吃抗疲劳药物

2016-07-01 14:39:50   中国新闻网

第二次世界大战是人类历史的悲剧,但对于科学界的诸多领域,特殊的历史时期,特殊的需求,也造就了某些行业的黄金时代,比如制药,也有人用“黄金时代”来形容二战期间及二战后这一领域的发展。

在药品研发及生产领域,特殊的时代和需求,让某些药物备受关注。以青霉素为例,它与原子弹、雷达并称为第二次世界大战中的三大发明,英国首相丘吉尔曾经这样说:“青霉素是二战时最伟大的发明。”除了青霉素,磺胺类药物、抗疟疾药都在战争时期发挥了重要作用。

制药企业的黄金时代

特殊的历史时期造就了特殊的发展。第二次世界大战是人类历史的悲剧,但二战后亦是制药业发展的黄金时代。根据报道,战后初期,制药公司面对着一个几乎完全空白的领域(在发现青霉素之前,很少有药物能有效治疗疾病),在每一种主要药物门类中,从止痛药、抗炎药到心血管和中枢神经系统药品,大量的需求得不到满足。

尤其是在战胜国美国,二战后更是美国制药业发展的辉煌年代,据统计,1954-1978年间,每年新药品的回报率为20.9%,制药企业的研发热情高涨,大量费用(占到销售额的17%-18%)被投入到药品研发中去。辉瑞、默克等制药巨头均在这个时候脱颖而出。青霉素、磺胺类药物等在二战期间挽救了大量生命,至今仍然广泛应用于临床。

青霉素:二战三大发明之一

作为一种临床广泛应用的抗生素,青霉素的出现大大增强了人类抵抗细菌性感染的能力。

青霉素的发现是一次意外,早在1928年,英国的细菌学家亚历山大·弗莱明一次外出度假时,因忘记了正在实验室培养皿中的细菌,后者不得不暴露在空气中。3周后他归来时,与空气接触过的葡萄球菌长出了一团青绿色霉菌,霉菌周围的葡萄球菌菌落已被溶解,他断定这种霉菌在生产某种对葡萄球菌有害的物质,弗莱明将其分泌的抑菌物质称为青霉素。

遗憾的是弗莱明一直未能找到提取高纯度青霉素的方法。

1943年,制药公司发现了批量生产青霉素的方法。当时英国和美国正在和纳粹德国交战。这种新药对控制伤口感染非常有效。

也有报道称,美国制药企业早在1942年就开始大批量生产青霉素。到1944年,药物的供应已足够治疗第二次世界大战期间所有参战的盟军士兵,除了伤员,在公共医疗中也开始应用。

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