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古巴导弹危机:苏联“情报英雄”当美苏传声筒

2016-06-28 14:16:40   人民网

责任重大的“传声筒”

1962年8月31日,博利沙科夫应邀来到白宫。原来,总统想趁他回国休假向赫鲁晓夫转交信函。“对我来说,苏美关系改善的美好前景已经清晰地呈现在面前。而且,我深信它们的现实性。按照我的观点,缔结禁止核试验协定可能成为这条道路上的最新成果……”肯尼迪眉飞色舞地结束了这场“告别交谈”。当走上林荫道,之前一言未发的罗伯特打破平静:“请你相信,我哥哥真诚地渴望达到他刚才所说的一切……要知道,‘他们’在盲目仇恨的冲动之下,什么事都干得出来……”

赫鲁晓夫对博利沙科夫的接见安排在度假别墅的游泳池边,他要求后者“毫不隐瞒、开诚布公、毫不拘束地”讲述一切,并转告肯尼迪,“我们积极评价他所采取的旨在减少紧张程度,实现两国关系正常化的步骤……”

从1961年5月至1962年11月(包括1962年10月15日至28日的古巴导弹危机时期),博利沙科夫与罗伯特·肯尼迪会晤约50次。两人中的任何一方都未曾提及美国中情局代号为“猫鼬行动”的推翻卡斯特罗计划和苏联向古巴运送中程导弹的“阿纳德尔”行动,而这些恰恰是大众所认知的引发古巴导弹危机的关键原因。事实上,当罗伯特把美国U-2飞机拍到的导弹发射场照片拿给博利沙科夫看时,他还不相信有这样的事。不管怎样,两人对各种问题的讨论,各种看法的形成,有关戏剧、太空飞行和托尔斯泰作品的友好交谈,也许对两国元首的深层影响及对时局的积极进展具有不容忽视的文化功能。按照苏联当局及部分学者的看法,博利沙科夫在此过程中所做的贡献超过外交部门,客观上,他凭借巨大的影响力为苏联采取的一系列“战略欺骗行动”提供了“战略掩护”。

是非功过任凭说

危机过后,罗伯特邀请博利沙科夫会面并指出:“现在我们需要尽快忘却这13天内发生的一切,并像总统建议的那样,‘从白纸开始’,按照新的方式行动,而不是面向过去……赢得胜利的是我们双方,赢得胜利的是全世界。我们应当从这里出发。应当细致地权衡一切,思考一切,并沿着新的道路前进,从而不再重复过去的错误。”

美苏领导人此后的行动确实更加谨慎,在肯尼迪生命的最后一年,两国的紧张关系得到缓解。连接莫斯科和华盛顿的“热线”也终于开通,两国领导人可以直接而迅速地对话。但对于博利沙科夫来说,前途却远非一片光明,“格鲁乌”内部一直不满他擅自同罗伯特·肯尼迪建立联络渠道,对美国人选中他做密使也有种种怀疑。在生命的最后几年,博利沙科夫甚至体验到别样苍凉:住在12平米的公寓房间里,依靠邻居的怜悯和对往事的回忆度日。难以消解的“五味杂陈”根本不能给他带来“慰藉”:他无意“说谎”,对事关导弹的机密确实不知情;他恪尽职守,却一直受到“诋毁”。当他离开人世时,妻子精神失常,唯一的儿子早已死去……

时间是真理的母亲。1997年,俄罗斯科学院院士亚·富尔先科发表《特工格·博利沙科夫的非凡命运》,如同情报界和史学界的一颗重磅炸弹,对博利沙科夫的名誉恢复功不可没。在院士笔下,这是一名品行端正、心胸开阔、能力突出的情报军官,其功劳之巨几乎没有其他任何苏联特工可以相比。1999年5月,在普里马科夫、科科申与普京的协助下,博利沙科夫于去世后第十年获得荣誉勋章。今年,俄科学院院士、前安全会议秘书科科申等人肯定秘密联络渠道,前“格鲁乌”总局局长拉德金也于10月18日开始向媒体披露这位“情报英雄”的长篇材料。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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