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东京审判:日军指挥官该为部下的暴行负什么责?
2016-06-22 15:42:22 人民网-国家人文历史
随后,山下等来了法庭对他的最终判决,“……秘密投票的结果,由于审判官的三分之二以上统一,本法庭同意起诉书指控的情形判为有罪,宣告判处绞刑。”据说读完判决书后,右耳听力较差的山下没听清楚,便询问坐在他左侧的滨本翻译。滨本告诉他:“是上吊啊!”山下听后点点头,默然无语。
1946年2月23日凌晨2时50分,山下奉文被带往绞刑台上执行死刑。处刑记录记载:上午3时2分至上午3时23分气绝,时年60岁。
就在山下奉文被处死的12天前,马尼拉军事法庭对“巴丹死亡行军”的主要责任人本间雅晴下达了死刑判决书,并于4月3日执行枪决。两人都是日军侵略东南亚时的高级指挥官,但人们对本间的责任认定和判决几乎没有异议,而对山下的判决则历来不乏争议,直至今日仍有不少人认为山下死于美军的“报复”。平心而论,山下奉文案作为二战结束后对日本战犯的第一场审判,无论法庭组织还是审判机制都不可能像后来远东国际军事法庭那样成熟。比如战犯的辩护人要顶着极大的压力,身为辩护人之一的利鲁在《审判山下》一书中回忆,当时连看守兵都会轻蔑地对他说“你们是那些猴子的辩护人吗?”这种情况一方面显得“有欠公允”,但另一方面也反映了日本军队所犯暴行所引起的憎恨和反感。
其次,当时的盟军对日本军队的指挥系统缺乏了解,很大程度上忽略了参谋的战争责任,例如许多屠杀命令是参谋未经指挥官首肯的前提下直接下达的,在马尼拉和新加坡被判死刑的日军将领都是为参谋辻政信顶罪之说也并非空穴来风。但是,日军的战争暴行也是具有普遍性的,并非个例或单纯的“奉命行事”,作为指挥官的山下奉文只要稍微尽其本职,就能了解这些情况。一位参与审判的律师总结山下说:“他的部队犯下了罪行,说明他未能有效地控制部队,这就够了!……他应该被绞死!”
这也是有特殊意义的一场审判,因为在此之前,从来没有战胜国对战败国如此高级别的军官追究过战争责任,对山下奉文的公审可谓史无前例。值得一提的是,后来的纽伦堡审判与东京审判中皆适用了山下奉文案中确立的法律原则,马尼拉审判更像是东京审判的预演。法国历史学者艾迪安?若代尔在著作《东京审判:被遗忘的纽伦堡》中比较中肯的评价了山下奉文案:“尽管存在最高法院持不同意见法官所指出的那些明显的司法不公,‘山下奉文判例’仍然是第一例涉及战争犯罪中指挥官责任制定义原则的判决。自那以后建立的所有国际法庭都将实施这个原则。”
责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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