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勃列日涅夫时代:在笑话中和苏联一起陷入泥潭

2016-06-13 14:31:13   人民网-国家人文历史

1987年的卢比扬卡大楼,苏联克格勃总部,位于俄罗斯首都莫斯科卢比扬卡广场。该建筑属新巴洛克式建筑

在克格勃第五局的严厉监制和压迫之下,苏联成了一座压抑心灵的大监狱,在克格勃监听和思想控制下,谁也不敢表露心声,谁也不敢得罪克格勃这个权力无限的机关,但也绝不会有人会喜欢它。就在克格勃在政治地位高升的同时,它已经在人民心目中堕落为最讨厌的机关。

1964年10月13日,正在黑海度假的赫鲁晓夫被紧急召唤回莫斯科参加主席团(即苏共政治局)的经济会议。等他抵达莫斯科的时候,前来迎接的只有克格勃主席谢米恰斯内和一名警卫局长。谢米恰斯内明显有点紧张,他向赫鲁晓夫俯下身去,压低嗓门告诉这位总书记:“大家都在克里姆林宫等着你。”

等着这位总书记的是一场政变。由于受不了赫鲁晓夫取消各种特权福利,触动整个苏联官僚阶层既得利益的“十大打击”(苏联官僚给赫鲁晓夫改革起的绰号),下属联手发动了此次政变。而接替赫鲁晓夫的是列昂尼德·伊里奇·勃列日涅夫,这个党内公认的最没有能力的人物。所有的人都认为这个任命只是临时过渡,再过几年,总书记这个职务就会由党内那些强有力的人物,比如曾经的克格勃主席谢列平来接手。然而正如当初大家小看了斯大林和赫鲁晓夫一样,这次大家也没有估计到勃列日涅夫超强的官僚手腕——他不仅成功保住了自己的位置,挤走了所有可能挑战的对手,还成为继斯大林之后在位时间最长的苏联领导人。从1964年到1982年,苏联进入漫长的勃列日涅夫时代。

1、社会停滞,笑话却井喷的时代

斯大林、赫鲁晓夫和勃列日涅夫一起乘火车出门。开着开着,突然火车停了。

斯大林把头伸出车窗之外,怒吼道:“枪毙火车司机!”可是火车没有动;赫鲁晓夫也把头伸出车窗之外,说:“给司机恢复名誉!”火车仍然没有动;这时候,勃列日涅夫说:“同志们,不如我们拉上窗帘,坐在座位上自己摇动身体,做出列车还在前进的样子!”

从外表来看,勃列日涅夫统治前期可谓是苏联的黄金时代,国力蒸蒸日上,不仅在核武器上和美国实现了恐怖的核威慑平衡,还在全球范围内带着自家小弟和北约集团展开了针锋相对的地缘争霸,成为让所有其他国家都为之忌惮的超级大国。尤其是在20世纪60年代后期和70年代初中期,是苏联历史上人民生活最好、和美国差距最小的时期。1975年,在“新经济体制”的刺激下、苏联的国民生产总值达到峰值,排名欧洲第一,世界第二。

然而,这种好景只是在透支未来,勃列日涅夫享受的只是赫鲁晓夫改革的红利和国际原油价格暴涨带来的好处。据统计,在1974年到1984年10年间,光石油出口就给苏联赚回了2700到3000亿美元的外汇。但外汇入超也掩盖不了苏联经济走向深渊的本质。在“八五”之后,苏联连续3个五年计划经济增长率都急剧下降。糟糕的不只是经济,整个苏联社会在政治、经济、社会文化等诸多方面都出现了严重的停滞现象。情况就正如笑话所说,苏联这列火车已经在事实上停滞不前了,但以勃列日涅夫为首的苏共领导层却只看见原油外汇带来的巨大收入,自欺欺人地认为形势一片大好,甚至连头都不愿意探出车窗,只是装出火车还在继续前进的样子。

在这种社会停滞、气氛压抑的大环境下,苏联民间的政治笑话却突然发生井喷。各种辛辣讽刺笑话纷纷出台,流传甚广。美国学者布鲁斯·亚当斯曾在《俄国的微弱反抗》中收集了总共794则苏联政治笑话,其中勃列日涅夫时代的就有211则,占了1/4强!此时的政治笑话不仅产量大,而且流传速度奇快,在斯大林时代,一则政治笑话传遍莫斯科的大街小巷大概需要两到三天,而在1970年,克格勃对蔓延在社会上的政治笑话做了一番调查,结论是“一则政治笑话只需要6到8个小时就可以传遍一座如莫斯科市大小的城市”。

为什么政治笑话突然在这个时候发生井喷?归根到底是因为以勃列日涅夫为首的苏共领导层出了问题。在长达18年的时间里,苏联一步步走向了僵化和腐败的深渊。长期存在的理论和现实不一致的情况,导致了大量民众对政府的极度失望;此外,由于勃列日涅夫任人唯亲,搞干部任命终身制,给苏联社会带来极其严重的弊病:老人政治、官僚阶层集体腐化、思想僵化、特权阶级、克格勃对意识形态的严厉控制等问题,都是在这个时期发生的。这些广为人民所诟病和痛恨的事情,也为这些政治笑话提供了源源不断的素材。而另一方面,勃列日涅夫治下的整个苏共高层种种匪夷所思的腐败和堕落,又给广大民众展现了一副丑态百出的现实笑话。

勃列日涅夫时代的苏联也好,克格勃也好,就是在这种荒诞的笑话中,一步步走向了泥潭。

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