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红军长征:中共能突围因国民党“放水”?

2016-05-31 15:31:46   华声在线

蒋介石的所谓“放水”举动,当年或已有窥破者。11月底,老政客何其巩上书蒋介石,提出:“赣匪之可虑,不在其窜逃,而在其守险负隅,旷日持久……赣匪倘能在赣川以东,合围而聚歼之,固为上策,否则有计划的网开一面,迫其出窜,然后在追剿中予以节节之击灭,似亦不失为上策中之中策也。”何并针对西南三省谈道:“川滇黔三省,拥有七千万以上之人口,形险而地腴,煤盐油矿以及各种金属皆不缺乏,足为国防之最后支撑点。宜乘……赣匪西窜之时,力加经营。”对何的上述看法,蒋批曰:“卓见甚是,当存参考。”

以此为基础,1934年底除旧迎新之际,蒋瞻前顾后,在日记中将“追剿”红军、抗日准备与控制西南三者巧妙结合:“若为对倭计,以剿匪为掩护抗日之原则言之,避免内战,使倭无隙可乘,并可得众同情,乃仍以亲剿川、黔残匪以为经营西南根据地之张本。”这段话,和前述种种结合看,的确意味深长。

其实,蒋介石在“剿共”战争中面对决战可能作出的选择,共产国际驻华军事总顾问弗雷德早已替他作出回答:“蒋介石需要这样来同红军作战,使他在消灭红军之后不是太被削弱地出现在福建和广东的边界上。如果做不到这一点,那么同红军作战就不能达到他在军事上和政治上得到加强的目的。”正由于此,10月中旬,当红军紧锣密鼓进行长征的最后准备时,蒋介石却从江西前线撒手西去,开始其被当时报章称为“万里长征”的一个多月西北、华北之行。

在蒋看来,红军的西去,也许就像围棋里对手逃大龙一样,只要自身立于主动,大可顺水推舟、就势而为,所谓“赣匪一旦窜遁,则无论跟踪追剿之师,因地留戍之师,回防中部北部之师,控制西南一带之师,皆能左右逢源,不虞粘滞,从此大局可期永安”。蒋介石的“放水”,打开了第一道缺口,接下来,在红军长征过程中,看到的将是各地方实力派的“放水”接力,和蒋一样,出发点无一不是保存实力。

粤方陈济棠是“放水”接力的二号选手。中央苏区发展壮大过程中,粤桂发挥着相当微妙的作用。粤方陈济棠与桂系结成联盟,中原大战后成为南京政权最大的威胁。蒋介石对粤桂势力心存顾忌,而粤桂也对南京中央保持高度警惕,在此背景下,中央苏区的存在客观上为双方提供了一个缓冲区域,粤方尤其愿意维持这样一种力量平衡。

共同利益

对粤方的态度及其在中央苏区生存发展中的独特作用,中共方面有清楚的了解。毛泽东在1931年就精辟指出中共、南京、广东三方的特殊关系:“依大局来看,过去所拟三军团去宜黄、崇仁,四军去寻乌、安远的计划,不但客观上帮助了蒋介石打击两广,为蒋介石所大愿,并且要很快引起两广的对共行动,乃由我们一身遮断两广反蒋视线,使之集注于我们自己,必然要促进蒋粤妥协对共的进程,我们不应如此蠢。”在共同战略利益驱使下,中共与粤方之间一直保持接触。1933年11月,共产国际代表报告:“在中央苏区,广州政府代表已开始进行停战谈判。”此后,谈判断续进行,双方一直互有期待。

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