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20年前美国舆论逼退核爆展:捍卫核轰炸正当性

2016-05-26 14:49:04   

争论二:日本是受害者还是侵略者

史密森学会展览的陈列中有很多广岛市政府提供的实物和图片展板,控诉了核武器的非人道性。其中有很多“核爆心投影点”的图像和实物:父母和孩子被烧成灰烬,痛苦挣扎中的受伤者,数代人遭受核辐射的毒害,因核爆炸和热辐射而熔化变形的十字架,停顿在爆炸时刻的怀表,破损的女生校服,扎入被害者肉体内的玻璃碎片,等等。展览让观众身临其境,感受到原子弹爆炸的破坏力和恐怖效应。

然而,什么原因导致了这场悲剧,展览的陈列和解说却语焉不详。展览传递出这样的信息——日本是战争的受害者,美国是丧心病狂的侵略者、惨无人道的报复者,原子弹的使用是核时代人类恐怖和美苏冷战的起点。

当时美国媒体和一些老兵组织指出,历史的真相是,日本偷袭珍珠港,把战争强加于美国,菲律宾的陷落以及随后对盟军战俘的屠杀,驱散了对日军兽性的最后一丝怀疑。原子弹给广岛和长崎造成近30万人死亡,但惨无人道的日军又屠杀了多少其他国家的平民呢?仅在中国就造成约2000万人伤亡。1945年日军即将被美军驱出马尼拉时,又对平民进行疯狂大屠杀。

二战老兵强烈要求对展览陈列作出修改:增加日军偷袭珍珠港及日军在二战中各种战争暴行的内容,不提与此事关系不大的冷战起源、核军备竞赛,全部撤除“核爆心投影点”的死者和挣扎者的惨不忍睹图像。

争论三:原子弹拯救了多少人

策划展览的专家学者们认为,根据研究,如果进攻日本本土,美军伤亡人数不太可能高达100万人,估计可能只有4.6万人死亡。使用两枚原子弹,却在广岛和长崎两地造成30万军民死亡。

对这种看法,美国退役空军少将查尔斯·斯韦尼(广岛轰炸中担任“伊诺拉·盖伊”号的领航员)批评说:“有一种理论认为,如果盟军进攻日本本土,我们的伤亡不是100万,而是只要死上4.6万人就够了。只不过是4.6万!你能够想象这种论调的冷酷吗?好像这些是无关紧要的美国人的生命。”

当年美军在日本登陆的作战计划分别是“奥林匹克行动”和“小王冠行动”,动用兵力高达250万。前者计划于1945年11月1日开始,目标是占领九州岛南部;后者计划于1946年春实施,目标是直接迫近东京的关东平原。基于硫磺岛、塞班岛、冲绳岛战役的惨重伤亡,美军假定“进攻所遭遇的抵抗将不仅只来自有组织的军事力量,而且还包括狂热的敌对民众”。因此,巨大的伤亡将不可避免。具体伤亡数字,当年没人能给出确切答案。但事隔50年后,史密森学会专家关于4.6万人阵亡的估算显然过于离谱。

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