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林则徐究竟应该对第一次鸦片战争负什么责任?

2016-05-25 15:11:18   人民网

从当时的世界大势看,为了扩充资本主义更广阔的市场,英国发动鸦片战争不可避免,并不会因为有一个善意的中国钦差大臣,而使结局发生改变。

然而,面对一场让国家付出如此惨重代价的战争,作为当事人的林则徐毕竟不可能置身事外。他究竟应该承担什么责任?

答案很简单:对敌情的严重误判。

事实上,当虎门上空鸦片销焚的浓烟刚刚散去,大清上下以为首战告捷,正欢呼雀跃时,战争的恶魔已悄然潜至了!

1839年10月1日,虎门销烟发生仅四个月后,英国内阁会议决定,派遣一支舰队前往中国,并训令印度总督予以合作。醉心强权主义并历来主张在对外事务中采取炮舰政策的英国外相巴麦尊,早就按捺不住了,他接连发号施令,迫不及待地催促英国海军踏上征程。甚至当英国下院的议员们还在为是否出兵磨嘴皮子时,英军的舰船和部队已从英国本土、南非和印度源源不断地驶往中国。1840年2月,英国政府任命懿律为海军统帅及全权代表,前往中国兴师问罪。这位懿律,便是被林则徐在虎门销烟中击败的英国驻华商务总监义律的堂弟。弟弟代哥哥报一箭之仇,可以想见他的心情会多么迫切坚决。

然而,对这一切,林则徐不但丝毫没有觉察,反而一如既往地以天朝的自信,对远隔重洋的“英夷”充满了轻蔑不屑。他一直认为鸦片走私是远离本土的英国商人,私自违反国令而进行的罪恶勾当,其国王等人“未必周知情状”,他们的行动肯定得不到英国国王的支持。

在真正和英国人翻脸以前,林则徐对形势的发展也不是没有自己的评估判断。1839年5月1日,正在虎门收缴鸦片的林则徐是这样向道光皇帝汇报形势的:从我到广东后观察到的情况看,洋人外表看似嚣张,内心其实怯懦。正因我大清总是担心轻启边衅,才导致养痈遗患,日积月深。接着他为皇帝分析道,首先,英国人从六万里外远涉重洋而来,主客众寡之势不言而喻,岂敢劳师袭远,轻举妄动?其二,即使其船坚炮利,亦只能取胜于外洋,而不能得逞于我内河。其三,除却鸦片一项,英国人即使老老实实做正经买卖,也可以获利三倍,何苦非要和我们过不去呢?据此,林则徐得出了结论:“知彼万不敢以侵凌他国之术窥伺中华”,至多不过是“私约夷埠一二兵船”,“未奉国主调遣,擅自粤洋游弋,虚张声势”。

至此,林则徐再也没有对英国人可能发动战争作进一步关注分析。他虽然还不时向皇帝报告英方行动的传闻,但总是认定为这是英国人的“恫吓”,并坚信“谅亦无所施其伎俩”。直到1840年6月中旬,英军抵达广东沿海的战舰已达到四艘,林则徐仍在奏折上说:“伏查英夷近日来船,所配兵械较多,实仍载运鸦片。”他竟然把一次即将到来的大规模战争,当作司空见惯的武装走私,并信誓旦旦对道光皇帝说,正如圣上英明的预见,谅英国人也不敢轻举妄动。

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