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德意志统一的铁与血:俾斯麦发动三场战争

2016-05-23 16:24:22   

俾斯麦和威廉二世(右)在一起。

铁腕人物俾斯麦掌权普鲁士

德国在历史上曾是一个长期分裂的国家,境内诸侯林立。19世纪50—60年代,德意志资本主义经济迅速发展,工业总产值超过法国,居世界第三位。当时分裂的诸邦中,奥地利和普鲁士是最强大的两个君主国。奥地利国势日衰,缺乏振兴国家的措施,而普鲁士统治者为排除奥地利的势力,大力发展农业,实力不断增强。1849年和1859年,普鲁士两次企图在自己领导下实现德国的统一,但都因奥地利的阻挠而失败。

1861年,普鲁士的威廉一世继承王位后,任命奥托·冯·俾斯麦(1815—1898)为内阁首相兼外交大臣。俾斯麦对于普鲁士有能力统一德意志深信不疑。1832年读大学时,在当年美国独立战争纪念日那天,他同一位美国朋友莫特利用25瓶香槟酒打赌:25年内德意志必然统一。虽然德意志统一比他的赌注晚了10年,但毕竟在他的手中实现了。

俾斯麦的哲学是:“强权胜于真理”。他认定,武力是取得政治和外交成就的基石。他曾反复对普鲁士人说:“当代的重大问题要得到解决,不能凭演说和议会的决议……要凭铁和血。”

俾斯麦认为:“对于一个外交家来说,最大的危险就是抱有幻想。”他多次阐发自己的外交观点,认为普鲁士的外交政策不能死守正统。

俾斯麦有着与众不同的外交风格和个性:他善于隐藏自己的意图,善于利用敌人营垒中的矛盾,善于玩弄外交手腕。

此时,正值德意志与丹麦在石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因发生领土纠纷,俾斯麦决定借机先打丹麦,然后再收拾奥地利。

联合奥地利打败丹麦

石勒苏益格、荷尔斯泰因两公国,地处波罗的海和北海之间的日德兰半岛的南端,地理位置十分重要。根据1852年5月8日缔结的《伦敦议定书》,两公国不隶属于丹麦,但拥戴丹麦国王作为大公。1863年3月30日,丹麦国王否定议定书内容,提出对荷尔斯泰因享有特权;11月13日丹麦通过新宪法,准备吞并石勒苏益格。但石勒苏益格和荷尔斯泰因两邦人都拒绝归属丹麦。普鲁士面临抉择。

俾斯麦从大局出发暂时放弃对奥地利的战争态度,转而采取同奥地利结盟的政策。奥地利为了能从中获益,接受了俾斯麦的结盟请求。1864年1月17日下午,双方订立同盟。接着,普鲁士军队同汉诺威、萨克森军队一起进入石勒苏益格—荷尔斯泰因。在4月18日的居赔尔战役中,丹麦惨败。

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