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朝鲜战争后期:韩国军队的真实战斗力究竟如何?

2016-05-09 10:24:13   阎滨 国家人文历史

“韩军之父”范弗里特

李承晚和韩国政府还认为韩军只有10个师是不够用的。当时美国高层多数人认为,鉴于韩国糟糕的经济形势,韩军一切费用几乎都由美国买单,同期美国已经担负太多对外援助义务,因此,韩军在以实际表现证明自身前,暂不宜再扩军。李承晚成功说服了范弗里特支持韩国的立场。范弗里特还支持重建了下属3个师的韩国第2军,为该军配齐全套参谋机构和炮兵、工兵、后勤运输单位。

在韩军整训过程中,鉴于韩国经济困难,官兵待遇低,伙食差。韩国军人抱怨说,每天吃盐水煮豆芽就饭团,下饭的咸菜连辣椒都没有,还不如美军管理的战俘营中中朝战俘的伙食。范弗里特了解后,努力提高韩军伙食,从日本为韩军订购酱菜、咸鱼和肉食罐头,并且建议韩国政府在提高军人待遇、优恤伤残军人和军属的同时,严格纪律,打击弥漫于政府和军队中的腐败现象。范弗里特在韩军正规化建设中发挥了巨大作用,从此被称为“韩军之父”。

朝战后期韩军战斗力飙升

完成整训的韩军颇有起色,他们在战斗中表现的比美军更灵活。1952年5月,韩军第1师防御阵地遭到进攻时,他们先抵抗5到10分钟,然后稍作撤退,中朝部队占领阵地后,韩军原先保持沉默的炮兵才向刚才的阵地猛烈开火。这种战术使韩军伤亡不多,动用炮火不大,但对中朝军队造成严重伤亡,往往半小时到1小时内就不得不撤退下来。

1952年10月6日,志愿军第38军按预定计划,对离铁原西北约5英里的白马高地发起进攻。战前两天,志愿军一个文化教员叛变投敌,将进攻计划和盘托出。获悉消息后,守卫该地区的韩军第9师迅速调整部署,额外配置了坦克、火炮、自行高炮。而38军从过去老经验出发,过于轻敌,仍按预定计划发起进攻。在长达10天的战斗中,38军发起28次冲锋,未能将原本籍籍无名的韩9师击退一步,最终因伤亡过大结束战斗。韩9师损失3500人,但仍能继续战斗。白马高地一战,使韩9师声名鹊起,获得“白马部队”的称号。

克拉克接替李奇微任远东美军总司令后,改变了对韩国扩军的态度,一上任就多次强调,韩军规模越大越好。1952年夏秋,韩军的表现不错,也促成美国官方态度的转变。事实上从1951年秋开始系统训练后,每天都有700名新兵完成训练。因为前线战斗减少,消耗兵力减少,一度产生补充兵过剩的现象。韩军早已超过25万既定员额,除了现有10个师满编外,还拥有额外足以编成10个步兵团的补充兵力,一旦条件成熟,美国老板运来枪炮,这些兵力就可以成为组建新师的骨干力量。到1952年底,韩军规模扩充到46.3万人。

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