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张学良谈国民党为何失败:蒋只用奴才不用人才

2016-04-29 14:37:04   文汇读书周报

国民党是怎么丧失军心的?张学良以自己为例,他说:“当年我开始时,我现在可以说,我对中央是忠心耿耿啊,中央说的话,我是完全服从,中央怎么说,我就怎么做。后来我发现这不对呀!中央对我不是这么回事啊!”

第一,当东北军在“剿共”战场上被吃掉两个师之后,张学良发现国民党中央对中央军和杂牌军的政策是不一样的。1935年末,张学良在南京参加会议期间,陕西前线传来一个令他震惊的消息,他的两个师被中国工农红军吃掉了。“我那两个师整个被共产党打完了,我很痛心。我要补充,没有。可是死这么多人的抚恤呢,除了我个人拿出钱来抚恤外,再报中央依‘剿共’阵亡抚恤,但中央分文未拨。那个时候,我有一个营长,‘剿共’时受了伤,他说一句话,把我伤心透了。他说:‘政府给我一个条子,让我回家去领,我家在东北,我上哪去领?只能流亡要饭去了。’”“这件事使我受刺激非常大。后来,我也公开说了,那个时候中央啊,实在是处置事情不太恰当,完全是一种推诿。因为这事下面起了很大的反感,起了怨望……我们东北人,家都没了,上哪领抚恤?被打死的人领不到抚恤,受伤的人又不能回原籍……中央很不讲理。”

第二,张学良发现蒋介石让杂牌军“剿共”是在“一斧两砍”,借刀杀人。张学良说:“中央让杂牌军‘剿共’,中央军不剿,杂牌军对中央当然都不满……因为什么?这话我今天可以说,但我不希望记录下来,他就是借刀杀人嘛。”“事情明摆着,谁都明白,这不是让我们去‘剿共’,等于是让共军消灭我们,借刀杀人。那为什么还打?没起来反抗,已经很客气了。”“那孟子说的话一点不错:‘君之视臣如土芥,则臣视君如寇仇。’你怎么待人家,人家也怎么待你……所以这种待人的法子不会成功,只会失败。”

第三,张学良发现不仅他发现了,几乎所有杂牌军,包括共产党都发现了蒋介石是在“借刀杀人”。“那时中央不是我说,不公平啊!对人家不公平,谁都看得明明白白。那时两广是陈济棠,青海是马步芳,宁夏是马鸿逵,新疆那会儿是盛世才,华北是宋哲元、韩复榘,陕西是杨虎城。他们都不打呀!谁也不打,我打什么?谁都明白了,这等于用外头的力量来消灭我们。打,你不给我钱,你也不给我弹药;人打没了,你也不给我补充,又不许我自个儿招兵,这干什么呢?”“谁也不是傻瓜。中央军可以招兵,我们不可以,枪械损失也不给补充。你政府用这种手段,等于让杂牌军自消自灭,一箭射三鸟,他怎么能真打呢?傻瓜才去打。”“蒋先生利用‘剿共’消灭杂牌军的这种做法,共产党当然也明白。共产党跟杂牌军也不死乞白咧打,杂牌军也知道共产党不真打。”

国民党中央政策不公,导致“剿共”内战谁也不真打。“我一想起这内战,就难过呀。所以西安内战,我不干了,说什么我也不干了,你跟日本打,我打!你和共产党打,我不干,我不打了,我宁可叛变。我那时候也等于叛变,那就是叛变呐。”

蒋介石只用奴才不用人才,共产党正相反,用人才不用奴才

国民党的失败,在张学良看来,败于党员信仰的缺失,也败于民心和军心的丧失,更败于党内的腐化及蒋介石的独裁。

张学良在晚年做口述历史时,数次引用王新衡对蒋介石的评价:“他不使唤人才,他使唤奴才。”王新衡对奴才的理解是:“奴才就是听他话的,让他高兴的人。”张学良对奴才的理解与王新衡略有不同:“我说什么叫奴才?什么叫人才?怎么分辨?人才首先是有一定人格的人,他有良知,有胸怀,这种人不一定你说什么,他就听什么,他不一定给你当奴才。奴才最大特点就是我要你怎么的,你就怎么的,只要能得到好处就行。真正做事情的人,他不一定要好处,他是要做事情啊!”奴才没有人格,不仅听话,更关键的他是为了满足个人利益才听话。

责任编辑:张海潮
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