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毛泽东为何四次“批判”社会主义老战友铁托?

2016-04-29 14:33:15   中国共产党新闻网

1956年11月11日,铁托在南斯拉夫海滨城市普拉向伊斯特里亚的共产主义者联盟积极分子发表了一场演讲,这就是著名的普拉演讲。在演讲中,铁托谈到了波兰和匈牙利事件发生的根源,对苏联在这两个事件中的表现既作了肯定,又提出了批评。铁托还说,赫鲁晓夫虽然批评了斯大林的个人崇拜,但问题不仅仅是个人崇拜,而是“使得个人崇拜得以产生的制度”。此外,铁托还指出,在苏联和各国共产党内都存在一种“斯大林主义”的倾向和“斯大林主义分子”,并对此进行了抨击,甚至号召把各国的“斯大林主义分子”赶下台。铁托的演讲,在国际社会掀起轩然大波,也引起了毛泽东的高度关注。

毛泽东认为,对待斯大林,既要肯定他的成绩,又要批评他的错误。11月15日,也就是铁托发表普拉演讲的第四天,毛泽东在中共八届二中全会上说,我看有两把刀子,一把是列宁,一把是斯大林。现在,斯大林这把刀子,赫鲁晓夫丢掉了。于是铁托就拿起这把刀子杀人,大反“斯大林主义”。这把刀子我们中国没有丢,我们是:第一,保护斯大林;第二,批评斯大林。

铁托的普拉演讲,实际上把如何评价斯大林的问题再次摆在了中国共产党面前。11月25日至29日,中共中央连续召开政治局常委会议,着重讨论铁托的普拉演讲,特别是他提出的反“斯大林主义”和反“斯大林主义分子”问题。与会者认为,铁托的说法完全搬用了西方资产阶级对共产党的污蔑,这是西方分裂共产党、分裂社会主义阵营的恶毒做法。针对铁托提出的“斯大林主义”和“斯大林主义分子”问题,毛泽东在会上谈了他的理解。他说:“所谓斯大林主义,就是斯大林生前的思想和观点。所谓斯大林主义分子,无非是指赞同斯大林观点的人。”

中共八大期间,毛泽东在同南联盟代表团谈话时说过:“我们和你们不同,你们在铁托自传中提到斯大林的错误,因为你们和苏联断绝了关系。”所以,针对铁托的演讲,毛泽东在中央政治局会议上不禁问道:“斯大林的思想和观点怎样?”他认为斯大林的思想和观点基本上符合马克思列宁主义,虽然其中有些错误,但主要方面是正确的。毛泽东对斯大林的评价是“三分错误,七分成绩,总起来还是一个伟大的马克思主义者”。因此,毛泽东指出,所谓斯大林主义分子,基本上也是正确的,他们是有缺点有错误的共产党人,是犯错误的好人。根据这个评价,毛泽东认为“铁托的观点是完全错误的”。

鉴于这样的考虑,毛泽东提出要把铁托的观点驳倒,否则国际共产主义队伍就要分裂,自家人打自家人。所以,毛泽东说:“斯大林主义非保护不可,纠正它的错误,就是好东西。”毛泽东明确表示,斯大林这把刀子中国不能丢。“这是我们的资本,跟列宁主义一样”。

在1956年11月29日的会议上,毛泽东说,对铁托,我们要批评,通过批评达到团结。他提出要写一篇文章,就斯大林和苏联社会主义建设问题,阐明中国共产党的观点,并初步设想文章的题目叫做《全世界工人阶级联合起来》。后来,这篇文章在《人民日报》正式发表时改为《再论无产阶级专政的历史经验》。

11月30日,毛泽东在谈到文章的基本论点时说,要区别敌我矛盾和人民内部矛盾,要分清敌我,不能用对待敌人的办法对待自己的同志。斯大林过去在南斯拉夫问题上犯了错误,用对待敌人的办法对待铁托。现在,铁托又同样用对待敌人的办法对待斯大林以及与自己观点不同的人,这是错误的。铁托把这些人称为“斯大林主义分子”加以攻击,这是在分裂国际共产主义队伍,只能使亲者痛仇者快。毛泽东由此提出,对于人民内部矛盾,只能采用人民内部的民主说理的方法来处理,不能用对待敌人的方法来处理。

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