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毛泽东为何四次“批判”社会主义老战友铁托?

2016-04-29 14:33:15   中国共产党新闻网

斯大林在第二次世界大战期间曾认为中国共产党有“民族主义”的表现,与南斯拉夫共产党很相似。尽管毛泽东站在苏联一边批评了铁托,但是,斯大林仍然对毛泽东不放心,怀疑毛泽东是“半个铁托”,担心中国会同南斯拉夫一样走上一条独立于苏联的道路。1948年夏,蒋南翔率中共代表团到莫斯科和东欧国家访问的时候,惊讶地发现,那些国家的共产党人竟然把毛泽东和铁托相提并论。这年9月,蒋南翔在给中共中央的一份报告中说:在斯大林和苏联共产党人的内心深处,人们还不能忘记苏德战争前后中共所表现出来的类似南斯拉夫共产党人那种“民族主义”的态度。

同一时期,西方舆论界也发表了同样的议论,说苏联人存在着上述担心。美国国家安全委员会所属的国务院计划署有一份分析报告,其中就提到了“亚洲铁托主义”。甚至连国民党人当时也看出了这一点,国民党内政部长彭昭贤在与苏联大使谈话后觉得,苏联对中共有怀疑,担心中共会步南斯拉夫的后尘。南斯拉夫领导集体内部也有同感,认为毛泽东是“第二个铁托”。

第二次世界大战胜利后,斯大林基于苏联国家安全利益考虑,试图控制东欧各国,以便把这些国家变为苏联的缓冲国,结果加深了苏联同南斯拉夫的矛盾。铁托后来在谈到苏南冲突时说:“对于像我们这样一个多民族的国家来说,任何时候都不能同意充当别国的卫星国,或者屈服于人。”无独有偶,1949年4月,《西行漫记》的作者、美国作家埃德加·斯诺发表了《中国会成为莫斯科的卫星国吗?》一文。斯诺直言不讳,在文章中索性把毛泽东比作铁托,并且断言:“中国将成为一个共产党治理下,不跟莫斯科指挥棒转的大国。”斯诺的文章,使斯大林更加怀疑毛泽东是“半个铁托”。关于这一点,在1949年12月毛泽东访问莫斯科时得到了验证。

1956年4月25日,毛泽东在中央政治局扩大会议上说:斯大林对中国做了一些错事,“解放战争时期,先是不准革命,说是如果打内战,中华民族有毁灭的危险。仗打起来,对我们半信半疑。仗打胜了,又怀疑我们是铁托式的胜利。”那么,毛泽东何时才摘下了“半个铁托的帽子呢”?毛泽东说,那是在抗美援朝开始后,中国人民志愿军跨过鸭绿江打击美帝国主义,斯大林开始放心了,“觉得我们不是半个铁托,是国际主义者,是真正的共产党”。

说实话,1948年毛泽东对铁托的批评是言不由衷的。斯大林逝世后,毛泽东承认中国当年不应该批评铁托。1956年9月24日,毛泽东在与参加中共八大的南斯拉夫共产主义者联盟代表团谈话时道出了当年批评铁托的苦衷。他说,那时我们不听斯大林的话不行,“苏联提出这样的意见,我们不同意也很难办”。因为“当时有人说世界上有两个铁托,一个在南斯拉夫,一个在中国”。毛泽东还对南共代表团说:“我们过去对不起你们,欠了你们的账。杀人偿命,欠债还钱。”“1948年我们写文章批评你们。其实也不应该采取这种方式,该和你们商量。假如你们有些观点是错了,可以向你们谈,由你们自己来批评,不必那样急。”毛泽东认为,在报纸上批评外国的党,成功的例子很少。这次事件对国际共产主义运动来说,留下了深刻的历史教训。

毛泽东虽然承认他过去批评铁托有不妥之处,但这并不意味着毛泽东同铁托之间的隔阂就从此消除了。由于毛泽东和铁托在对斯大林以及社会主义建设等若干问题的认识上存在较大分歧,所以,在赫鲁晓夫于苏共二十大上批评斯大林后,特别是在波兰和匈牙利事件发生之后,毛泽东和铁托的关系又紧张起来,其导火线就是铁托的普拉演讲。

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