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毛泽东为何四次“批判”社会主义老战友铁托?

2016-04-29 14:33:15   中国共产党新闻网

本文原载于《世纪风采》

南斯拉夫曾是社会主义大国,但是中国和南斯拉夫两国领导人在对斯大林和社会主义建设的若干重大问题的认识上出现过分歧。结果,在20世纪40年代末至60年代初,毛泽东曾四次批判了铁托,最终认为铁托在南斯拉夫复辟了“资本主义”。

至今,历史的烟云早已散尽,对于这场批判,20多年后,邓小平在会见南斯拉夫客人时说:“当时我们自己也犯了点指手画脚的错误……后来铁托同志打开了两党关系的新局面,是他首先到中国来访问……那个时候,我是以老战友的身份同铁托同志见面的,我们谈得很好,达成了共同的谅解,就是过去的事情都不谈了,一切向前看……”

1941年德军侵入南斯拉夫,铁托领导南斯拉夫人民进行了英勇的反法西斯战争。在抗击德国法西斯的战争中,南斯拉夫主要依靠英国的援助,发展了自己的武装力量---人民解放军。1945年5月,南斯拉夫人民解放军解放了全国。

铁托领导南斯拉夫反法西斯战争的成功经验,使毛泽东受到很大启发:南斯拉夫能够得到西方国家的援助,中国为什么不可以?于是,毛泽东曾一度主张向铁托学习,拿英美的钱,干自己的事业。抗战期间,毛泽东试图争取美国援助,这无疑是借鉴了铁托的成功经验。二战结束后,中共中央曾多次谈起南斯拉夫和铁托的经验。当时,毛泽东还想模仿铁托,在中国组建人民解放军。

不仅如此,1947年11月30日,毛泽东在给斯大林的一封电报中甚至提出要借鉴南斯拉夫的经验建立新中国的政体和国体。毛泽东在电报中说:“中国革命取得彻底胜利之后,要像苏联和南斯拉夫那样,除中共之外,所有政党都要离开政治舞台,这样会大大巩固中国革命。”毛泽东当时还认为,中国的“统一战线要研究南斯拉夫的经验”。中国共产党在缺乏政权建设经验的情况下,毛泽东主张在政党制度方面学习和参考南斯拉夫的经验,这是一件很自然的事情。不过,这一想法后来并没有付诸实施,新中国建立的是共产党领导的多党合作制度。

可是,好景不长。1948年夏天后,毛泽东开始由学习铁托转向批评铁托。毛泽东对铁托的态度为什么会出现这么大的转变呢?这同斯大林制裁南斯拉夫有关。

二次世界大战结束后,斯大林把他建立起来的苏联模式强制推行给其它共产党国家,要求各国照搬照抄。铁托在建国初期,曾模仿斯大林模式,把工业、银行以及商业统统收归国有,建立了高度集权的体制。不久,铁托发现斯大林模式存在很多问题。于是,铁托在社会主义建设上开始采取不同于苏联的做法,这使斯大林感到不满。1948年3月,南斯拉夫同苏联发生冲突。6月28日,苏联操纵欧洲共产党情报局通过了《关于南斯拉夫共产党状况的决议》,对南共进行公开指责,并将南斯拉夫开除出情报局。决议说:“以前用伪装形式存在的民族主义分子,在过去五六个月中,在南斯拉夫共产党的领导机关中取得了统治地位,因此,南斯拉夫共产党的领导机关就背离了南斯拉夫共产党的国际主义传统,走上了民族主义的道路。”

欧洲共产党情报局开除南斯拉夫的决议公布后,一时间,全世界都为之震惊。东欧各国共产党无条件地赞成和支持了苏联共产党的决定,纷纷表明自己的态度和立场。由于一系列复杂原因,特别是当时处在两大阵营尖锐对立的形势下,7月10日,中共中央也通过了一项关于南共问题的决议,不得不表示支持情报局的做法。11月7日,《人民日报》还发表了《论国际主义与民族主义》的文章,批评南斯拉夫。1949年8月28日,毛泽东批评“南斯拉夫的铁托政府”是美国资产阶级政府的“帮手”。

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