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历史上真实的杨家将:杨宗保不存在 杨业绝食而死

2016-04-28 15:27:02   中国新闻网

北宋咸平二年,辽国南下进犯。杨延昭正在遂城,遂城小,又没有做好防守的准备,遭到了辽军的猛烈围攻,城中人心惶惶,而杨延昭召集城中壮丁,授予武器,配合宋军,全力固守。当时正值隆冬,杨延昭命人担水浇在城墙上,一夜之间就冻成了坚冰,城墙光滑难登,辽军的猛烈攻势也无法继续,只好撤退了,宋军缴获了辽军遗弃的军资器械。这就是凝冰冻城的故事。后来他又屡建奇功,澶渊定盟时,杨延昭因为守边的功劳,屡次升迁,景德二年,杨延昭被授予高阳关副都部署。杨延昭在大中祥符七年,卒于任上,终年五十七岁。

杨家将第三代 杨文广

得范仲淹赏识

杨文广是杨延昭的第三个儿子。杨文广讨贼张海有功,授予殿直。后来与安抚陕西的范仲淹相遇,范仲淹在谈话中发现杨文广很有才能,就把他带在身边。狄青南征广西,杨文广随军从征,但此时的杨文广还是个无名之辈。治平中,选拔宿卫将领,宋英宗以为杨文广是名将之后,而且还有功劳,提拔杨文广为成州团练使,龙神卫四厢都指挥使,迁兴州防御使,秦凤路副总管。他由此参加了对西夏的防御作战。

韩琦派杨文广率领部队在筚篥筑城,控制要道,防御西夏。杨文广先扬言要到喷珠筑城,然后率军迅速赶往筚篥,黄昏时赶到目的地,连夜抢修城寨,构筑好了防御工事,做好了战斗准备。第二天天明,西夏骑兵至,看到宋军已经占据有利地势,做好了准备,只能无奈的撤退,杨文广乘机遣将出击,斩获敌人很多。皇帝下诏嘉奖,赏赐丰厚,并任命他知泾州镇戎军、定州路副总管,迁步军都虞侯。辽国与宋朝在代州的边界划分上发生争执。杨文广向朝廷献上阵图以及攻取幽燕的策略,还没等到朝廷上的回音,杨文广就死于任上,北宋朝廷追赠他同州观察使。

其实历史上杨家将没有杨宗保,也没有穆桂英。但是的确有佘太君的存在,佘太君原姓折,其弟名叫折御卿(958~995)时任府州刺史。后汉乾 二年(949年)与杨继业成婚。

杨家将故事演义过程

虚构了很多人物

北宋时即流传天下

“杨家将”故事发生在北宋初年,在北宋中叶就已迅速流传于天下。北宋著名文学家欧阳修曾写过一篇文章,称赞杨业、杨延昭“父子皆名将,其智勇号称无敌”,并且指出杨家将故事在当时社会的各个阶层广泛流传。另一位名列唐宋八大家的著名人物苏辙也写过一首“过杨无敌庙”,苏辙离杨业去世的年代并不算太远,他的诗从另一个侧面证实了杨家将故事在宋代的影响力。

南宋时创造出了杨宗保

到了南宋,民间艺人把杨家将故事编成了话本,在民间越传越盛。由于北宋最终为外敌所灭,南宋遗民崇拜英雄的心情非常强烈。杨家将故事在流传过程中,被民间艺人进行了大胆想象和艺术加工,许多神奇的故事和人物不断被融入。最具代表性的当数南宋遗民徐大焯所著的《烬余录》,书中把与杨延昭同时代的将领杨嗣的功绩安到了杨延嗣身上,又创造出了杨宗保,还构想了杨家将父子舍命救援宋太宗的情节。

明代以后艺术种类更加丰富

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