军事 > 军事历史
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162_4.html
Server: cms-9-156
Date: 2026/03/04 04:57:02

Powered by China
China

明朝引进西方大炮的历史:平壤城下痛击日军

2016-04-26 13:21:31   

不过,从澳门购置大炮,其不仅数量有限,而且路途遥远,价格高昂,毕竟不是长远之策。因此明朝廷决定在购置的同时学会仿制,以满足战场上的需要。但当时明朝仿制者未曾完全掌握 “红夷大炮”制造工艺之精华,以至土法上马的仿制品质地与性能皆不合格。明朝只能求助在中国的西方天主教耶稣会传教士——当时唯一的引进西方科技的渠道。

耶稣会传教士来到中国的目的是传播上帝的福音,但是比起教义,“敬鬼神而远之”的明朝中国人显然对他们带来的科学技术更感兴趣。著名的传教士汤若望于1622 年抵达中国,次年因成功地预测三次月食而声名大振。尽管他自己坦诚对铸炮技术的知识都是来源于书本,还没经过亲身实践,还是在教友徐光启的推荐下被明朝廷委与重任。1633 年,朝廷成立铸炮厂,由汤若望负责监制。在这期间,其制成的火炮有20门,口径足以容纳下40磅的弹药;其制成的长炮,每一门都需要两个士兵或者是一头骆驼才能搬运。到1639年,汤若望更是在紫禁城旁设立铸炮厂,铸成20门性能良好的西洋火炮。紧接着又成功造出500门各种类型的西洋火炮,炮重从100斤到1200斤不等,成果蔚为可观。

“凭坚城,用大炮”

“红夷大炮”进入明朝人的视野没多久,努尔哈赤在东北建立后金,起兵反明。1619年,分兵四路的明朝征讨大军却在萨尔浒之战一败涂地,令明廷朝野为之震惊。面对后金政权咄咄逼人的攻势,以精通西学的徐光启为首的一些大臣早就意识到,“可以克敌制胜者,唯有神威大炮一器而已”,而红夷大炮果然也不负众望。

1626年2月,起兵以来战无不胜的努尔哈赤率领麾下13万八旗劲旅抵达宁远城下。此时的宁远守将袁崇焕之前从没有上过战场,手下也只有守军不足2万人。无论是从既往的战绩还是兵力的对比而言,这场战事的结局似乎都不会有什么悬念。但是,宁远城里的袁崇焕却与城外的努尔哈赤一样自信,他的王牌就是宁远城内的“红夷大炮”,不是1门,而是整整11门!胜负的天平就此改变。

当时的后金军队对付明军原有的火器已有了应对之术。在野战中,明军把火炮安排在阵前,后金则采取战车与步骑相结合的“结阵”方法,即阵前布楯车,车前挡以五、六寸厚的木板,再裹上生牛皮。车装有双轮子,可以前后转动。此车专对付明兵的火器。在楯车后一层是弓箭手,再后一层是一排小车,装载泥土,以填塞沟堑,最后一层是铁骑,人马皆穿重铠,号“铁头子”。战斗开始,骑兵并不出击,往往用楯车抵挡一阵,等明兵发完第一次火器,未及续发第二次,它就突然奔骑而出,如一股狂风刮过来,分开两翼,向明兵猛冲,霎时间,就把明兵冲得七零八落。萨尔浒之战就是一个很好的例子,1619 年(万历四十七年,天命四年)三月初四日下午,与东路明军协同作战的朝鲜鸟枪兵13000人同满洲八旗兵在富察地方遭遇,据在场的一个朝鲜军官描述:烟尘中敌骑大至,势如风雨,展开两翼,远远围抱而来,夕阳下但见射矢如雨,铁马进退,瞬息之间,两营全遭覆灭,朝鲜军中训练有素的火枪手,在迅疾而至的铁骑冲击下竟丝毫没有发挥威力。

至于后金军队攻城的时候,第一批攻城部队会使用牌(楯)车,后面跟着弓箭手掩护下携带云梯的登城队。利用牌车抵抗住明军的首轮火器的机会,云梯于顷刻间已经架上城头,不等明军第二次开火,后金的先锋已经登上城墙。从辽阳到广宁,在辽东战场上这套战术屡试不爽,但在1626年的宁远城下却遇到了克星。布置在宁远城头的11门“红夷大炮”射界覆盖城池周围所有的地面。大炮“循环飞击,每发糜烂数重”,发射释放的浓烟密布数里,“每用西洋炮则牌车如拉朽”。 当后金军接近城墙时,又遭到城东南和西南两角铳台火炮的交叉射击,死伤惨重。明军发射一炮可以轰倒一百多人,城外的后金军队尸积如山。按照当时在中国的耶稣会传教士的说法,“(后金军)不清楚这种新的发明,蜂拥而前,遭到铁家伙的重创,登时他们就作鸟兽散”。 双方激战3日,后金军在西洋大炮、中小型火炮及其他火器射击下,伤亡1.7万余人,攻城器械尽成废物。宁远之战令后金遭遇建立以来遭到的第一次重创,努尔哈赤的不败威名竟被“红夷大炮”击得粉碎。努尔哈赤本人对之郁忿成疾,8个月后便死去。

责任编辑:张海潮
上一页4/6下一页
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162_4.html
Server: cms-9-156
Date: 2026/03/04 04:57:02

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162_4.html
Server: cms-9-156
Date: 2026/03/04 04:57:02

Powered by China
China

相关阅读

404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162_4.html
Server: cms-9-156
Date: 2026/03/04 04:57:02

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162_4.html
Server: cms-9-156
Date: 2026/03/04 04:57:02

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162_4.html
Server: cms-9-156
Date: 2026/03/04 04:57:02

Powered by China
China
分享到:
0 0
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162_4.html
Server: cms-9-156
Date: 2026/03/04 04:57:02

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162_4.html
Server: cms-9-156
Date: 2026/03/04 04:57:02

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162_4.html
Server: cms-9-156
Date: 2026/03/04 04:57:02

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162_4.html
Server: cms-9-156
Date: 2026/03/04 04:57:02

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162_4.html
Server: cms-9-156
Date: 2026/03/04 04:57:02

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162_4.html
Server: cms-9-156
Date: 2026/03/04 04:57:02

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162_4.html
Server: cms-9-156
Date: 2026/03/04 04:57:02

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162_4.html
Server: cms-9-156
Date: 2026/03/04 04:57:02

Powered by China
China