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明朝引进西方大炮的历史:平壤城下痛击日军

2016-04-26 13:21:31   

在宁远之役一炮打响的“红夷大炮”令明廷喜出望外,很有时代特色地将一门立功的大炮封为“安国全军平辽靖虏大将军”。在之后的很长一段时间内,中国的“红夷大炮”都习惯用各种“将军”命名,“凭坚城,用(红夷)大炮”也成为明军应对后金攻势的不二法门。

天启七年(1627年),新即位的后金大汗皇太极不信西洋大炮之威力,亲率四旗后金军,围攻锦州、宁远,当时有私人著作《辽事述》云:“建洲兵十五万攻锦州,城上炮火矢石,交加如雨,自辰至戌,集尸满城下,至夜,乃退兵五里。……建洲兵不得志于锦州,因而攻宁远,参将彭替古以红夷炮碎其营大帐房一座。”皇太极的攻势再次被明朝眼中“不饷之兵,不秣之马”的无敌神器——红夷大炮所击退,而用红夷大炮装备起来的明军锦(州)宁(远)防线,从此成为终皇太极一世后金军队所无法彻底逾越的天堑。

17世纪的火器竞赛

当时的“红夷大炮”发射速度不快,每分钟虽有可能达到1-2发,但炮管无法承受持续射击,隔一段时间就需休息以冷却,故每小时平均只可发射8发,每天通常不超过100发,且铁炮在射击约600发、铜炮约1000发后,就已不太堪用。也就是说,当时的红夷炮对快速运动的步骑兵而言,仍力有不逮,但对守城而言,则效果显著。面对与明朝军事对峙中所出现“野地浪战,南朝万万不能;婴城死守,我国每每弗下”的不利局面,吃到苦头的后金方面也意识到拥有“红夷大炮”的重要性,开始重用被俘的汉人工匠,迅速大量仿制西洋火器。

1631年正月,皇太极命佟养性组织一批汉人军匠仿制成第一门西式火炮,后金“造炮自此始”,满语中的“炮”念做“poo”,显然是从汉语借去的。皇太极将其定名为“天祐助威大将军”。由于后金(清)统治者忌讳“夷”字,故将名称改成了“红衣大炮”,并一直沿用了下去。随后,后金组建了一个新的兵种——乌真超哈,汉译为“重兵”,即炮兵部队。同年八月,后金军队在大凌河之战中首次使用“红衣大炮”。在围攻明军坚固要塞于子章台时,6门红衣大炮“击坏台垛,中炮死者五十七人,台内明兵惶扰不能支,乃出降”。后金不但大获全胜,更是发了一笔横财,缴获了3500门各种大小火器。 “自此,凡遇行军,必携红衣大将军炮”,以骑射起家的后金军一时竟有了“大炮百位不多,火药数十万犹少”的感慨。

两年之后,1633年明军中红夷炮最多、炮术最精的孔有德、耿仲明军叛变,作为明军中唯一一支接受完整西式军事训练的部队,孔、耿部的归降使八旗军轻而易举地掌握了重型火炮的操控技术,并提供了一支“对城攻打,准如射的”的炮兵部队和近三十门最先进的红夷炮,极大地改变了明与后金的军事技术力量对比。

到崇祯十二年(1639年),清军已拥有60门自制的红夷炮,为夺取关外重城、歼灭明军主力做了充分准备。在松锦决战(1642年)中,清军把红夷炮用于大规模的野战和攻坚。清军用数十门“红衣大炮”连续轰击锦州、塔山等明军在松锦防线上的要塞城堡。仅松山一役,就调运了炮弹万颗,红衣炮37门,炸药万斤,到阵前备用。而在轰击塔山城时,清军的炮火“直透坚城,如摧朽物”,将城墙轰塌二十余丈,步兵趁势从缺口杀入,塔山就此失陷。在清军先用重炮扫荡城外的堠台等城防设施,继轰塌城垣,为骑兵强攻开辟通道的战法面前,关外重镇相继失陷,明军一筹莫展。

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