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明朝引进西方大炮的历史:平壤城下痛击日军

2016-04-26 13:21:31   

红毛夷大炮

当明朝的“佛郎机”在朝鲜战场逞威时,西欧国家的火器制造技术又一次出现了飞跃,到了17世纪初“海上马车夫”荷兰人来到东亚后,中国人的眼界又为之一变。万历二十九年(1601年),荷兰人“挟二巨舰”突袭澳门,其炮舰规模着实震撼了不少中国人,王临亨在《粤剑编》就以“其舟甚巨,外以铜叶裹之,入水二丈”来描述荷兰战船的高大坚固。在当时的中国人看来,荷兰人“所恃惟巨舟大炮……下置二丈巨铁炮,发之可洞裂石城,震数十里”, 威力令当时已经被明朝军队普遍使用的“佛郎机”相形见绌,明兵部为之惊呼“我虽有利刃,勿可与敌;虽有锐兵,勿可与战”,而时任福建巡抚黄承玄干脆用以卵击石来形容中荷双方的装备差距。由于当时的荷兰人被称为“红(毛)夷”,这类大炮也就被称作“红夷大炮”了。

所谓“红夷大炮”,实际是前装滑膛炮,口径大多在100毫米以上;多系铁炮,也有铜制,重量从70斤至万斤不等。弹药前装,重量较大,可达数斤至十数斤不等。弹丸由石、铁、铅等材料制成的球形实心弹,以直接撞击目标而起破坏作用。其炮管铸造极为复杂,采用整体模铸法,所铸之炮的质量提高。红夷炮由车运载,可以任意奔驰;炮身的重心处两侧有圆柱形的炮耳,火炮以此为轴调整射角,配合火药量改变射程;炮身上装有准星、照门,依照抛物线来计算弹道,射程可达四五里至七八里不等,杀伤力较大。

当时的明朝军政人物大多是以赞赏、欣羡的心态来看待“红夷大炮”的。徐光启在天启元年(1621年)七月一封奏疏中写道:“夫兵器之烈,至一发而杀百千人,如今日之西铳极矣,无可加矣。”茅瑞征则把佛郎机铳法当作“常技”看待,沈德符更视佛郎机为“笨物”。足见佛郎机在明末火炮中的重要性已经降至“红夷大炮”之下了,而一场颇有声势的引进、仿制红夷大炮的军事变革也在明末推广开来。

虽然明军在与荷兰人的冲突中也缴获过“红夷大炮”,但为数甚少。明朝引进“红夷大炮”的对象,还是葡萄牙人。自从1557年起,葡萄牙人以“船遇风暴,货物被水浸湿,请求借地晾晒货物”为借口获得了在中国澳门的居留权。葡萄牙人为了使自己的存在合法化,不仅在经济上向中国交纳每年2万两银子的税金和500两地租银,而且在政治上不放过任何一个结好明朝当局的机会,除对广东地方官进行不间断的馈赠和贿赂外,还曾出动舰船帮助明政府镇压叛兵以示恭顺。另外,葡萄牙人在澳门的军事工业也比较发达,为了防止西班牙、荷兰等殖民对手的侵夺,澳葡当局除了在澳门各处建有大小9座炮台外,还建有被远东的葡萄牙人称为“世界上最好的铸炮工厂”的卜加劳铸炮厂。该炮厂制造了大量的各式铜铁大炮,使澳门成为远东最著名的铸炮基地,这就为明朝引进“红夷大炮”提供了技术上的便利。

1621年,明朝的钦差大臣持兵部檄文往澳门聘请炮师和购买火炮,最终从葡萄牙人那里购得了26门“红夷大炮”, 并配有西人头目7人、翻译1人,服务人员16人及葡兵百人,一道带往千里之外的北京。1623年4月,葡萄牙人在京营首次演示射击这种新式武器,但很不幸的是发生一起膛炸伤人的意外(这在早期火炮史上并不少见),迷信的明官员认为这是不祥之兆,于是将葡萄牙人全部遣返澳门。但“红夷大炮”显示出的强大威力令因崛起的后金咄咄逼人的攻势而焦头烂额的明廷无法拒绝,11门“红夷大炮”随即被调往明军东北前线的山海关和宁远,剩下的大炮则被用来防卫京城。

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