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明朝引进西方大炮的历史:平壤城下痛击日军

2016-04-26 13:21:31   

佛朗机扬威平壤城

从嘉靖至万历年间,明军大概装备了四五万门佛郎机。最初的佛郎机母铳都用铜制造,为的是使其体轻便于移动,后来由于铜的价格昂贵以及铁的廉价和易得性,明朝国产的佛郎机逐渐趋向使用铁作为材料制造。子铳一般均为熟铁打造,这样抗膛压能力更强,而且减轻了对母铳的膛压。后来一度出现过木制的佛郎机。作为明军最重要的火器,本土化的佛郎机种类繁多,大到千余斤的“无敌大将军”,中到几百斤的普通佛郎机,小到十几斤重的万胜佛朗机和马上佛郎机,各个类别都已具备,成为明朝对内对外战争中非常倚重的“长技”。 嘉靖时期的著名学者、军事家唐顺之曾给明军列装的主要兵器明确排序:“兵技,第一大佛郎机,其次鸟(嘴)铳,又其次弓矢”;在东南沿海主持过抗倭斗争的胡宗宪也认为,“城守之器,佛郎机……最利,弓弩次之,到用刀斧,是最下策矣”。

万历年间的抗日援朝战争,可以说是明朝火器的大展示。1593年1月27日,应朝鲜方面的请求,明总兵官李如松奉命率近4万明军渡过鸭绿江,入朝参战。这支军队里,携带着当时令人叹为观止的16世纪顶级火器装备。

援朝明军分南军、北军系统。南军主要使用鸟铳。嘉靖年间以抗倭闻名的戚继光曾认为:“诸器之中,鸟铳第一。”一名鸟铳手携带鸟铳一支,铅子(子弹)200枚、火药4斤、火绳3根。一个齐装满员的南军步兵营2700人中鸟铳手达1080人之多,占编制总数高达40%。至于北军则使用国产的三眼铳。相传崇祯帝在李自成农民起义军攻破北京内城后,也是手持三眼铳作为防身武器,足见其在明代火器中的地位。按照时人的说法,“鸟铳宜南而不宜北,三眼铳宜北而不宜南”。风猛会将鸟铳信药吹散,因此不适于气候寒冷、风大的北方。而三眼铳是由三支铁制单铳,呈品字型箍合而成,铳口有突起外缘,有道铁箍加固铳身,三铳共享一个药室,因此以火绳引燃火药后会三铳齐射或连射。有效射程在三十四步左右,且弹药射毕,还可以“执此铳以代闷棍”击打敌人,非常适合北军尤其是骑兵使用。

在明军装备的诸多火器中,最为引人注目的仍旧是舶来的“佛郎机”。入朝明军所用被称为“大将军炮”的重型佛郎机长1.4米,口径110毫米,重达1050斤,每门配子炮3个,轮流发射,“一发五百子,击宽二十余丈,可以洞众”,威力着实惊人。

这场起始于壬辰年(1592年)的战争从一开打,火器便成为战争舞台上的主角。日本侵略军拥有当时独步东亚的火绳枪(称为“铁炮”)技术,用这种前膛装的火绳枪来对付武备废弛的朝鲜李朝军队自然绰绰有余,仅用了两个月时间日军就从朝鲜半岛南端的釜山打到了平壤。尤其是在1592年7月19日的平壤之战中,日军为掩护攻城部队,用铁炮射杀城墙上的朝鲜守军,因守城士兵所用弓弩的射程不及火绳枪,纷纷败退;李朝名臣柳成龙感慨日军铁炮“其致远之力,命中之巧,倍于(朝鲜)弓矢……来如风雷,其不能当必矣”。日军遂轻取平壤。

转眼到了翌年2月8日,轮到明朝援朝大军对日军盘踞的平壤城发起反攻。此战之中,日军在城墙上做土壁,多穿射孔,望之如蜂巢,用铁炮从射孔向外发射弹丸,令明军伤亡甚众;而明军则利用在重型火器上的绝对优势,用将军炮(120门)与虎蹲炮(20门)等火炮猛轰平壤城。将军炮“一发决血衢三里,草枯数年”, “顷刻间爆炸声震天,焰烟蔽空,……日方粮库,弹药库悉中炮燃烧,兵营工事相继被毁”。铁炮在真正的大炮面前,犹如螳臂当车,毫无还手之力;遭受重大损失的日军丧失作战信心,主动退出平壤。此战,充分表现出火器的优越性,而敌对双方的火器亦分出了高下,明军的大炮完全压倒了日军铁炮,显示了强大的威力。朝鲜的《李朝实录》记载了朝鲜宣祖国王李昖与其臣下李德馨进行的一番意味深长的问答,李昖问道:“铳筒(指日本人的铁炮)之声,不与天兵(指明军)之火炮同耶?”李德馨回答:“倭铳之声,虽四面俱发,而声声各闻,天兵之炮,如山崩地裂,山原震荡,不可状言;响彻天地,山岳皆动……”李昖遂赞叹道:“军势如此,可不战而胜矣!”这可以说是对佛郎机至高的褒奖了。

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