军事 > 军事历史
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/03/03 16:37:19

Powered by China
China

明朝引进西方大炮的历史:平壤城下痛击日军

2016-04-26 13:21:31   

火药是当今国人引以为豪的“四大发明”之一,中国也是最早将火药用于军事的国家。可惜,到了16世纪,西洋人的火器技术已经后来居上,促使大明王朝务实地采取了拿来主义的策略,于是,便有了“佛郎机”与“红衣大炮”在中国的传奇……

船坚炮利的西洋人

早在明朝初期,军队的火器配备已初具规模。到了成化年间,明军步兵中使用火器的士兵,已占到编制总数的1/3。所谓“火器之为利也,迅如雷霆,疾如闪电”,当时的明朝人一度颇带几分得意地宣告“中国之长技莫过于火器”。但如此“长技”仅仅是相对“只识弯弓射大雕”的草原游牧民族而言,至16世纪(明朝中期),当大明帝国遭遇沿着新航路东来的西欧殖民者时,“天朝”赫然发现对手手中的火器早已青出于蓝而胜于蓝,凌驾于火药的母国之上了,从这时起,西洋人“船坚炮利”的梦魇,竟在中国海疆徘徊了数百年之久。

大明正德十二年(1517年),在一支由4艘帆船组成的护航舰队护送下,葡萄牙派往中国的首位使臣皮雷斯(Tome Pires)抵达广州。为了向中国人民表达敬意,对东方礼仪茫然无知的葡萄牙舰队指挥官费尔南(Fernao Peres de Andrade)按照欧洲惯例下令升旗鸣炮,却被广州人误认为是要开炮滋事,致使“放铳三个,城中尽惊”。经过一番煞费周折的解释,明朝官员方才疑云渐消,但肇事的葡萄牙人也因此受到中国方面的格外关注。

对于这些初来乍到的不速之客,明朝官方的第一印象是三句话:“性凶狡”、海船“底尖面平”“无风可疾走”以及印象最深刻的“善大铳”:“铳发弹落如雨,所向无敌。其铳用铜铸,大者千余斤,因名佛郎机”。所谓“佛郎机”原本系明朝对葡萄牙和西班牙国家的称呼,随后也用来称呼这种“自古兵器未有出其右者”的新式火器。

当时中国国产的各种火器,不论轻型的火铳抑或重型的“将军炮”,都有这样共同的缺点:第一,前装式,火药、弹子从筒口装入;第二,“发莫能继”,一发打放后要等待炮筒冷却才能继续装入火药和弹子,连续打放的次数多了还会引起铳管爆炸,使得火器在实战中的应用局限性很大,“恐遇风雨或敌人猝至,必致误事”。相比之下,“佛郎机”就显得高大上得多,作为一种流行于15世纪末至16世纪前期的欧洲早期后装炮,其最妙之处,就是采用母铳衔扣子铳的结构,较好地解决了管内闭气问题。将装有火药和弹子的子铳,放入母铳膛内发射,这就避免了铳膛与火药、弹子直接接触而发生爆炸,母铳的管壁加厚,能够承受较大膛压,也保证了发射安全。由于子铳是单个的,便可以发射一个子铳后换上另一个。几个子铳迅速更换,就能形成“弹落如雨,所向无敌”的巨大杀伤力。佛郎机炮的母铳炮身两侧安设炮耳,便于在炮架上的安放、转动,而且还配备准星、照门,使射击的准确性大为提高。

好在当时的大明朝廷与士人都还没有愚蠢到将威力远胜中国传统火器的“佛郎机” 视为西洋人的 “奇技淫巧”的地步。1522年8月,5艘葡萄牙舰船在珠江口外进行挑衅,被明军击败,2艘舰船及20多门佛郎机炮被明军缴获。对佛郎机威猛火力印象深刻的广东地方当局立即上奏嘉靖皇帝,请求“颁其(佛郎机)式于各边,制造御虏”。朝廷的反应同样迅速,当年工部军器局就制造大样佛郎机铜铳32副,发各边试用。在佛郎机传入中国的不长时间里,明代朝野已将其视作御敌利器,山寨的佛郎机遂以极快的速度装备明军。到嘉靖中期,甘肃边防已有佛郎机炮车1158辆,宁夏1000辆,固原128辆,大同1000辆,仅此四处配备佛郎机3286架。所谓“火器之中,佛郎机尤为便利。边关之地所以自卫攻敌者,唯此是恃也。”明朝水师也同样大量装备佛郎机,如福船装备大佛郎机6座,海沧船装备大佛郎机4座,苍山船装备大佛郎机2座。福船之上有五甲兵士,第一甲专用佛郎机;海沧船有四甲兵士,第一甲专用佛郎机和鸟铳(仿自西欧的一种火绳枪);大苍山船有三甲兵士,第一甲同样专用佛郎机、鸟铳。

责任编辑:张海潮
上一页1/6下一页
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/03/03 16:37:19

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/03/03 16:37:19

Powered by China
China

相关阅读

404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/03/03 16:37:19

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/03/03 16:37:19

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/03/03 16:37:19

Powered by China
China
分享到:
0 0
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/03/03 16:37:19

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/03/03 16:37:19

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/03/03 16:37:19

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/03/03 16:37:19

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/03/03 16:37:19

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/03/03 16:37:19

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/03/03 16:37:19

Powered by China
China
404 Not Found

404 Not Found

Sorry for the inconvenience.
Please report this message and include the following information to us.
Thank you very much!

URL: http://3g.china.com:8080/act/military/62/20160426/22524162.html
Server: cms-9-158
Date: 2026/03/03 16:37:19

Powered by China
China