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援救与杀戮:1923年日本关东大地震的血色记忆

2016-04-21 14:00:37   中国经营报

以上海为中心的江浙地区,成为这次救灾的主力,包括温州在内的不少中小城镇也建立了赈济日灾团体。日本轮船甚至直放温州,运载木炭、烟叶、菜子、鲜蛋等物,一次价值就高达51万元。

当祖国正全力投入到恤邻救灾的感人气氛中时,那位死里逃生的温州华工黄子莲,在七丁目再度被日本“青年自警团”发现,并捆绑起来。命悬一线时,黄子莲看到了一名日本警察走过,大声求救。警察将他救了下来,送交给日军戒严部队。日军如同对待战俘一般,将黄子莲关押进了下千叶的习志野(地名)集中营。那里,已经聚集了不少幸存的中国人。

东京屠杀

黄子莲被关押到习志野集中营后,他才知道,类似他这样的悲惨故事,还发生在不少同胞身上。

瓯海潘瑞发回忆说:“我们3人乘电缆车(电车),到三河岛站了,要下车,前面一个人一下来,就被日本人用竹竿上扎的铁钩钩死了,吓得我们两个人就不敢下车。”

瓯海陈崇帆回忆说:“我住在大岛町八丁目,地震那天出去了,几天后回来,原来跟我一起住的人都死了。我们坑村就有6个人被日本人杀了。我的堂兄陈银寿在路上被抓,后来在千叶县关了一个月才放出来。”

青田朱木坤说:“我远远看到日本人扛着东西来打人,他们拿棍子、大刀、枪、长杆铁钩,追着打朝鲜人和中国人,有的躲在床下也被拉出来杀掉,甚至见到后脑是平的就杀。”

……

实际上,自从1603年西班牙人在菲律宾对华侨大肆屠杀(参阅《中国经营报》2月28日“先锋话题”《喋血吕宋:中国海盗挑战西班牙》)、1704年荷兰人在印度尼西亚对华侨大肆屠杀以来,这是华侨史上的第三次大屠杀。

事后的统计表明,在日本大地震中被残害的华人,共716人,其中当场死亡622人、失踪11人(事后查出一些已遇难)、负伤83人(事后一些人伤重死去)。在这些遇难者中,来自浙江温州、处州的共658人,死605人、伤53人。另有温处籍华工42人(其中死34人、伤8人),虽有同行目睹者,但因姓名不详,未统计在内。合计浙江华工遇害总人数为700人,其中死639人、伤61人。消息传回温州、处州,从通衢大道到乡野小村,几乎处处哭声。

黄子莲被打昏死过去后,他身上的30元钱被日本人夺走,而几乎所有的中国遇难者,财物均被抢劫一空,尸首或被抛入河塘,或被放火焚毁。

比华人更惨的,是朝鲜人。大屠杀本来是以他们为靶子的。

地震次日,日本宣布全国戒严,灾区的戒严任务在开始时实际上是由地方上的“青年自警团”承担的。当日,灾区流传说朝鲜人趁乱放火,而且还往水井里投毒。于是,在政府的秘密策划下,一项针对朝鲜人的大屠杀计划出台。从9月2日下午开始,在军警的配合下,“青年自警团”对朝鲜人聚居区进行了极为冷血的残酷屠杀,大量动用冷兵器,死者几乎都无完整的尸首,死亡人数约在6000~10000人左右。

在大屠杀过程中,日本人同时也将矛头对准了中国人。尽管日本政府日后一口咬定是在镇压朝鲜人的过程中“误杀”华人,但那些温州工人中,不少还没剃去满清的长辫子,穿着中式衣服,一望而知就是华人。实际上,除了对华工下手外,中国留日学生中也有不少遭了毒手。“罹灾留日学生归国团三百八十人”在回国后给“全国各报馆转全国父老昆弟伯叔姊妹”们一封公开信,极为悲愤地介绍了他们的受难情况:

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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