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援救与杀戮:1923年日本关东大地震的血色记忆

2016-04-21 14:00:37   中国经营报

日本大地震的消息传来后,“经济绝交”的组织者们,试图将抵制日货与赈济日灾分别对待。上海总商会表示:“恤邻与自卫,并行不悖。”上海中华书局进德会提出:“此次日本震灾,为近世大劫,吾人本人类互助及救灾恤邻之谊,理当援助,颇闻同人中有以国耻为恨者,须知不忘国耻,是一事,人道主义又是一事,不妨并行,且此次可为吾人仁义之试验,进德之途径。”

在实际操作中,“恤邻与自卫”不可能“并行不悖”,随着全民动员救援日灾,“经济绝交”实际上无疾而终。

慷慨解囊

政府号召下,全国人民积极响应。进入民国之后一直分崩离析的中国,出现了罕见的凝聚力,上下一心、南北协力。

上海总商会决定,“购办面粉一万包,米三千包”,并垫付611万元,由顾馨一、荣宗敬购置面粉及装船,虞洽卿办理报关。招商局则派出“新铭”号轮船免费运送。他们的效率非常高,在9月3日当天,满载着面粉和大米等第一批救灾物品的“新铭”号,就起锚驶往日本,这成为日本接受到的国际第一笔援助,也成为与美国军舰同时到达的第一批国际船只。

中国红十字会总办事处理事长庄得之、医务长牛惠霖,亲自率领“男女医士四人,救护员八人,书记会计各一人,女看护士四人,队役四人,现款二万元,药料等品十余大箱”,于9月8日乘日轮皇后丸起程前往日本东京参与赈灾工作。这是到达日本灾区的第一支国际医疗救援队伍。

京剧大师梅兰芳发起成立了“全国艺界国际捐赈大会”,余叔岩、杨小楼等明星都参加了义演,为日本赈灾筹集了5万元大洋。“上海伶界联合会”也在“新舞台”开展两天的义演,由何丰林、盛竹书、汪精卫、史量才、虞洽卿、叶楚伧、张季鸾等人赞助。上海书画保存会通过拍卖,为日本赈灾筹集款项,拍卖的画作包括会员们收藏的唐寅(唐伯虎)、刘墉(刘石庵,即“宰相刘罗锅”)、吴昌硕、李梅庵、钱季寅等名家精品。

上海县教育局、教育会发起成立“救济日灾会”,上海县立各小学都成立了“募捐队”,除向学生及家长募捐外,孩子们还“手执‘救命’、‘恤邻’等字样小旗,沿途演说,挨户劝捐,精神充足,言论切当,路人颇义之”。

北京各界于9月5日在中央公园“来今雨轩”集会,北京银行公会捐助10万元购买米面3万石。世界红十字会中华总会决定拨付5万元赈灾,派代表携带粮食、衣物、药品赶往日本。天津方面,直隶省长王承斌召集天津商界人士会商援助日本灾区。天津红十字会、天津报界公会等纷纷行动,筹粮筹款,支援日本。广州、南京、东三省等都捐出大额粮食、物品和款项。

在段祺瑞的“救灾同志会”成立仪式上,倪嗣冲、周学熙、靳云鹏、曹锐、曹汝霖、张勋、鲍贵卿等出席并捐款,当场筹集了价值10万日元的款项,次日直接汇给日本首相山本权兵卫。此外,担任直鲁豫巡阅使的曹锟,捐款5万元,3万元为赈济日人,2万元为赈济旅日华侨、留学生;两湖巡阅使吴佩孚、湖北督军肖耀南各捐款2万元;江苏省长韩国钧、直隶省长王承斌、松沪护军使何丰林、安徽省长吕调元、浙江督办卢永祥、浙江省长张载阳等均捐款1000元至1万元不等……

有学者统计了上海《申报》(9月12日至1月29日)、天津《大公报》(9月11日至12月25日)的鸣谢公告,及天津《大公报》(9月15日至12月30日)另行刊登的“救灾同志会段祺瑞等谨启”的捐款实收公告,仅此三项的捐款总额的大洋就达到44万元以上。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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