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援救与杀戮:1923年日本关东大地震的血色记忆

2016-04-21 14:00:37   中国经营报

同日,《民国日报》社论标题为《吊日本地震惨灾》,《申报》社论标题为《悲日本地震大火灾》。中国新闻界几乎一致呼吁民众,为日本地震灾区尽己所能献出爱心。

9月5日,《民国日报》呼吁《中国人急宜救济日灾》,“此次日本巨灾,固然是日本的大不幸,然能因此恢复日中亲善,保持东亚永久和平,在中国固有益,在日本也不能谓无利。”“好义之声,一呼百应”,希望日本人能“谅解中国人民的好感”。到了9月23日,这家报纸更是“希望日本在这次震灾中,领略人类同情心的福音,上下交勉,和中国做一个道义上的朋友”。

上海各界发给日本的慰问信、慰问电,充满了关切之情。

震前摩擦

此时令中国人柔肠寸断的日本,不久前还在令中国人咬牙切齿。

这一年,日本本应归还租期届满的旅顺、大连。旅大是由俄国在1898年强租的,租借期限为25年,正好在1923年到期。日俄战争后,日本打败了俄国,就继承了这个租约。但是,对于25年的租期,日本人并不满意,他们希望永久持有这两个战略位置极其重要的军港城市。1915年,日本逼迫袁世凯政府签订“二十一条”,遭到袁世凯巧妙地拖延。在国际压力下,日本放弃了部分要求,最终以武力为后盾,逼迫袁世凯政府签订了条约,这就是所谓的“民四条约”(民国四年签订),其中规定“将旅大租借期限及南满、安奉两铁路管理期限延长为99年”。

对于刺刀威逼下签订的“民四条约”,从袁世凯开始,中国历届政府都坚决不承认其具备法律效力。在引发“五四运动”的巴黎和会上,中国代表团也对此进行了力争,坚决否定“民四条约”的合法性。1922年年底,在旅大租期即将届满之前,中国众议院、参议院先后通过议案,重申“民四条约”无效,得到无数民间团体支持,要求中央政府尽快对日交涉,收回旅大。

3月10日,中国外交部照会日本外务省及驻华公使,声明取消“民四条约”,并接洽收回租期届满之旅大,但遭到日本拒绝。全国一片哗然。3月17日,在国共两党及其他社会知名人士推动下,上海成立了“国民对日外交大会”,宣告“日本犹固执不逊,即实行经济断交”。

3月24日,又成立了一家“上海对日外交市民大会”,由各路商界联合会、上海总商会、上海学生联合会、全国学生联合会、上海工会等21个团体组成,通电全国,在未收回旅大前,全国对日经济绝交。“既云经济绝交,则不仅禁止购用日货而已,实含有与日人断绝一切社交之意味。既云断绝一切社交,则凡日人在华所营之事业,吾人皆应与彼脱离关系。如不受日本公司雇聘,不登广告于日本新闻,不载货于日本商船,不向日本公司保险,不向日本银行存款,不收受日本纸币,不往日本医院治病均是也。”(上海《总商会月报》)。

对日经济绝交立即席卷全国,上海、北京、济南、合肥、武汉、长沙、厦门等地相继推行,日本对华出口额大幅萎缩,“天津一埠损失约1200万元,上海约4000万元,通计各埠损失,已达1亿元。再就日本本年6月份全国贸易观之,输入计超过输出9600万元”。(中国旅日学生“旅大收回后援会”报告)

但是,日本政府并未妥协,他们一方面宣称这是“排日仇日”行为,要求中国政府严加取缔,另一方面则以牙还牙,在宜昌和长沙先后开枪射杀中国民众,酿成“宜昌惨案”和“长沙惨案”。双方关系日渐紧张。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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