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援救与杀戮:1923年日本关东大地震的血色记忆

2016-04-21 14:00:37   中国经营报

就在日本大力自救的同时,以中国和美国为首,国际救援也纷纷到来。

中国动员

日本大地震的消息传到中国时,中国政府迅速行动,展现了极其罕见的高效率。

此时的中国政局,也如同日本一般,处在波动当中。这年6月份,在曹锟等人的逼迫下,大总统黎元洪被驱逐,而参与驱黎的国务总理张绍曾也随即辞职,依照法律规定,由内务总长高凌 摄政,代理总理职务。

这一摄政内阁在日本大地震次日(9月2日),就立即派人前往日本驻华使馆表示慰问。9月3日,内阁召集会议,外交总长顾维钧提出,对于日本震灾,“我国本救灾恤邻之义,不容袖手旁观,应由政府下令,劝国民共同筹款赈恤”。

内阁一致通过了5条援日救灾决议:除了分别电令驻日代办张元节、驻神户总领事馆紧急调查灾情之外,拨款20万元援助日本,并要求“各省长官联合绅商地方团体组织日灾急赈大会,与政府一致进行”,同时“派遣商船运送粮食药品,及红十字会赴日”。

9月4日,摄政内阁以大总统令的方式号召全国人民“广募捐款,尽数拨汇,藉资拯济,以申救灾恤邻之至意”。内阁还邀请各界名流,如熊希龄、孙宝琦、汪大燮、王正廷等,共同商议援助日本的具体事项。会议从中午一直讨论到傍晚5时,进一步决定:通令各省区一律筹款赈济;迅速运米30万石到日本;解除粮食输出之禁令;邀请各慈善团体、红十字会及银行、新闻、商会、军警各界组织日灾协济会等。

代表“中国人民”表示慰问的,还有广州的孙文“大元帅”。他致电日本国摄政裕仁亲王(即日后的裕仁天皇):“值贵国京城和国家遭受空前灾难,造成生命财产损失之际,请接受中国人民的深切慰问。”同时,他还给他的日本朋友们犬养毅、福田雅太郎、大仓喜八郎、藤村义郎、久京房之助、头山满、莹野长知、宫崎寅藏家属等,致信表示慰问。

已经下台避居在天津的段祺瑞,也成立了“救灾同志会”,通电北京中央政府、南方孙文、各省军政长官及各团体,号召“广为劝募”,赈济日灾。

而在遥远的东京,那名来自温州的华工黄子莲,已经在遇难地边上的荷花田内躲藏了一天。这天早上,他从剧痛中苏醒过来,推开了压在身上的同伴尸首,艰难地躲到这里,一整天都拿荷叶顶在头上,避免被日本人发现。乘着夜色,他赶紧离开此地,在七丁目(地名)找了一间空屋躲藏。

此时,饥寒交迫的黄子莲并不知道,从北京发出来的电讯已经传遍了全中国,包括他的家乡温州在内,一场轰轰烈烈的大救援正在启动。黄子莲最为渴望的食品、衣物,将大规模地运到日本,分发给灾民。

在政府的强力动员下,中国各界达成了罕见的一致行动。日本驻华使领馆一时门庭若市,前来慰问和表态的人络绎不绝。日本驻华的商业机构、民间团体等,也收到了无数的慰问电、慰问信和慰问品。

正在天津的梁启超于9月3日发出通电:“救灾恤邻,责无旁贷,谓宜尽吾力所能逮,迅派军舰商船,募易服食各物,驰往急赈”。

上海《晨报》在9月3日发表题为《日本大震灾》的社论:“我国国民宜速组急赈会,募集巨款,特派大规模之救护团,驰往赈济,并切实调查灾况,如有缺乏粮食衣服之事,尽量输赠,万一灾后发生时疫,亦当派遣十字队前往医护。款项愈多,人员愈众,时期愈速,则救之范围愈广,效果亦愈大。”

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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