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援救与杀戮:1923年日本关东大地震的血色记忆

2016-04-21 14:00:37   中国经营报

比地震、海啸更为可怕的,是随后燃起的熊熊大火。此时正是午饭时间,地震打翻了家家户户的炉灶,加上东京、横滨两个城市依然以老旧的木制房屋为主,狂风助威,火焰迅速吞噬了关东大平原上的各个城市。

一位名叫徐凤石的中国人,此时正在横滨港外的一艘船上,他事后回忆说:“……码头塌落,栈房倾倒,汽车马车均落水中……俄而砂石蔽日,狂风大作,巨声发于岸上,如天崩地坼,霎时间,沿岸一带同时火起,其延烧之速,有足令人惊心动魄者。每隔数分钟,必闻轰然一声,则某处大厦倾矣。”

东京、横滨已经建成的一些高楼大厦,此时却成为天然的烟囱,将它们之间的空地变成了巨大的火葬场。东京陆军被服厂的空地上聚集了4万多人群,结果大火将其中绝大多数人活活烧死在此。据事后中国慰问团的林 透露,该处空地上整理出的死难者遗骸,2000人一堆,共有19堆之多,即38000人。大火也消耗了防空洞及避难所里的氧气,躲藏其中的人们因缺氧而被闷死。

日后,官方公布的死亡及失踪人数为14.28万人(死亡105385人),在人类历史上伤亡最重的灾难中,排名第九,而其中90%都死于震后的火灾。12.8万幢建筑物全毁,12.6万幢建筑物半毁,44.7万幢建筑物被焚。东京、横滨成为人间地狱。

日本驻上海总领事向中国媒体表示:“敝国东京、横滨等处各重要区域,突然发生地震,同时火山爆发,飓风海啸,相继而至,灾情重大,为亘古以来所罕有,除建筑物及财产等损失之数,一时尚难调查确实计算外,生命之丧失,约计几及二十余万口,目前疮痍满目,流离失所,尚不知凡几。”

面对着空前大地震,日本政府猝不及防。

此时,日本经济正处在低迷时期。虽然在一战所带来的巨大战争红利刺激下,日本的大企业、大财团迅速坐大,但垄断现象与贫富悬殊现象加剧,社会不安定因素日益活跃。在大正天皇掌权的短短15年之间(1912~1926年),日本内阁更迭达10次之多,几乎一年一换。

地震爆发时,日本正处在新旧内阁的交接空当之中。候任首相山本权兵卫还未确定内阁成员名单,前任首相加藤友三郎仍在担任看守内阁首相。危机爆发次日(9月2日),加藤友三郎立即宣布全国进入戒严状态,成立临时震灾救护事务局,拨款950万日元赈灾。午后,山本权兵卫匆忙确定了内阁成员部分名单,晚上7点在赤坂宫的天井里宣布就职,完成了政权交接。此时,内阁还是残缺的,外交、教育、司法三部部长均未任命。

尽管仓促上阵,但日本政府表现了极高的效率。灾区的通信几乎完全中断,政府就动用飞机、无线电、军用鸽、海军军舰传递各种命令。从各地紧急调运粮食、帐篷等进入灾区,并开放了皇宫部分地区作为避难所,所有难民均由政府免费运送。

灾后第2天,灾区大多数可用的蓄水池被清理干净,水车开始穿梭供水;

第4天恢复了部分地区的供电;

第7天恢复了电车运营;

第8天恢复了主要桥梁;

第9天已将街道上的尸首清理干净;

第10天已经恢复了主要的市场……

为了安定人心,仅在东京地区,日本政府就部署了多达6个师团的戒严部队。政府同时出版《震灾汇报》,向民众通报灾情。政府发布了著名的三大紧急令,即《流言浮说取缔令》,严禁传播流言,实际上也取缔了言论自由;《支付延期令》,延长债务支付期限等,稳定金融秩序;《暴利取缔令》,严禁哄抬物价。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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