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援救与杀戮:1923年日本关东大地震的血色记忆

2016-04-21 14:00:37   中国经营报

大地震之后的东京都满目疮痍,火光遍野。

黄子莲惴惴不安地挤在江东区大岛町八丁目(地名)的林合吉客栈里。与他一起的,总共有174名浙江老乡,他们都来自浙南地区的温州、处州(今丽水)。黄的老家是永嘉县二十三都坑源村(今瓯海区五凤 乡)。

这是1923年9月3日,震级高达7.9级的日本关东大地震后的第三天。余震还不时地发生着,大地依然在颤抖。这些余震要到8日才会停止。

黄是昨天(9月2日)才从他打工所在的五丁目住处搬过来的。突然来袭的大地震,以及震后的海啸和大火,几乎摧毁了整个东京。极度的恐惧令这些衣衫褴褛的温州打工仔们聚集在一起。

他们来到日本,都是因为家乡太穷了。浙江虽是鱼米之乡,却有“七山一水二分田”之称,农田极少,而这“七山”就集中在浙南的温州、处州等地。第一次世界大战后,日本经济飞速发展,不少老乡们便漂洋过海来到日本打工,地震前人数已达4000人左右。黄在去年的闰五月来到日本,加入到打工仔的行列,每天只赚取2~3日元的血汗钱。

晚上9点多钟(日本时间),林合吉客栈的宁静被蜂拥而至的日本人打碎了。数百名日本“青年自警团”(相当于联防队或民兵组织)团员、警察和军人,冲进了这家小小的客栈,要求中国人立即起身,送他们回国。

黄子莲们被赶出了客栈,日本人引领着他们在店外的空地上集合。

突然,日本人高喊:“地震!卧倒!”

174名中国人乖乖地卧倒在颤抖的大地上。日本人蜂拥而上,斧劈、刀砍、剑刺、钩扎,中国人的惨嚎声响彻天际,与大地的隆隆声呼应着。

黄子莲昏死了过去,他的头部及右耳后被打开了一个大洞。同伴们垂死前挣扎扭动,一些人爬到了他的身上。在这些尸首的遮盖下,他成了174人中唯一的幸存者。

昏迷的黄子莲并不知道,此时,大洋彼岸的祖国,在中央政府的号召下,正在全民总动员,为日本抗震救灾捐粮捐款捐衣,这将成为中国近代史上第一次大规模对外援助。

关东地震

灾难是突然降临的。

9月1日中午11:58(日本时间),正是家家户户午餐之时,大地突然剧烈地上下垂直抖动起来。5分钟内,强度为7.9级的三次强震持续爆发,以相模湾的伊豆大岛为中心,死神迅速笼罩了东京都、神奈川县、千叶县以及静冈县。

几乎在地震的瞬间,50%~80%的房屋立即坍塌。海岸边,有的地方瞬间下沉90~180米,如入无底深渊。岸边行驶的火车,连人带车都消逝在茫茫的大海中。另一些地方迅速隆起,最高竟达229米,地面的一切都如同被大炮轰上了半空。被撕裂的大地,裂缝居然宽达4~5米,吞噬周边的一切。地震引发的海啸,浪高达到10米,浩浩荡荡,横扫一切。

这就是人类灾难史上著名的“关东大地震”,因其摧毁了日本最为精华的关东平原而得名。“铜山东崩,洛钟西应,”几天之后,中国甘肃固原、美国加州、南美地区、印度孟买、中国京兆(河北)高碑店等地先后地震。(《东方杂志》1923年8月25日)

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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