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晚清军事变革:利益集团的互相掣肘中被拆了台

2016-04-21 13:50:27   中国青年报

历史的沉痛教训告诉人们,虽然轻易动武是不明智的选择,但等到发展起来再进行反击是根本行不通的。

尚武强军大兴,军人和军人文化从社会的边缘,逐渐进入社会变革的中心 如何才能提高军人甚至全民的尚武意识?

当时有识之士的做法是,一是鼓吹战争意识。蓝天蔚认为:“畏战之国,其国必受战祸。戒杀人者,人攘夺其国。”壮游认为:“闻战则喜,战死而相与贺,国未有不雄者。”

蓝天蔚和壮游都曾经留学东瀛,对日本尚武文化的感受非常深刻。他们认为战争是文明的阶梯,没有如火如荼的战争,也就没有社会和文明的进步。这种对战争的崇拜固然很偏激,但从结果上看,实际是对中国传统战略文化的矫枉过正,其目的则是为了民族的救亡图存。

二是极力讴歌军人。国家处于危难之境,军人的担当精神尤其重要。蔡锷所著《军国民篇》影响极大,其中谈道:“兵者,国家之干城,国民之牺牲,天下之可尊、可敬、可馨香而祝者,莫兵若也。”

美国学者鲍威尔曾说,晚清时期中国军事近代化过程中,遇到的最大困难是军人地位低下,军事职业缺乏吸引力,军队难以吸收优秀人才。而军人素质的低下,又是军队战斗力衰落的根本因素。因此,提高军人地位,塑造一个掌握近代军事知识体系的、新的社会精英阶层,成为当时大多数人的共识,也为军事近代化注入了生机和动力。

三是倡导兵魂国魂。1899年12月23日,梁启超在《清议报》上发表题为《中国魂安在乎》一文说:“今日所最要者,则制造中国魂是也。中国魂者何?兵魂是也。有有魂之兵,斯为有魂之国。”当变革社会需要一种震撼国民心灵以激发民族奋进的力量时,尚武爱国的军人精神与军人形象往往成为合适的选择。当时的有识之士试图以尚武爱国的“兵魂”作为陶铸国魂的基石,再通过全民尚武的环境来进一步塑造兵魂,从而使兵魂国魂相互激荡、互相促进,形成朝气蓬勃的国民性格。

四是加强国民教育。一些知识分子把“尚武”精神遗失归为教育问题。蔡锷曾翻阅日本小学生课本,发现其中有很多关于爱国尊皇、海陆战事、军舰炮弹等方面内容,其用意在于“养成其(指学生)军人性质于不知不觉之中耳”。反观中国,当学生正处于“体魄与脑筋发达之时代”,却天天“授以仁义礼智、三纲五常之高义”,“或读以靡靡无谓之辞章,不数年遂使英颖之青年化为八十老翁,形同槁木,心如死灰。受病最深者,愈为世所推崇,乃复将其类我之技,遗毒来者,代带相承,无有已时。”

在爱国尚武思潮的影响下,中国的国民教育有了很大变化。1906年3月,清王朝学部在《奏请宣示教育宗旨折》中提出:“凡中小学堂各种教科书,必寓军国民主义,俾儿童熟见而习闻之。国文、历史、地理等科,宜浅述海陆战争之事迹,绘画炮台、兵舰、旗帜之图形,叙列戎穷边、出使绝域之勋业;于音乐一科,则恭辑国朝之武功战事,演为诗歌,其后先死绥诸臣,尤宜鼓吹扢扬,以励其百折不回视死如归之志;体操一科,幼稚者以游戏体操发育其身体,稍长者以兵式体操严格其纪律,而尤时时勗(同“勖”)以守秩序、养成重,以造成完全之人格。”学生要求着制服,其式样系仿军服而成,军事训练甚至包括进行步枪实弹射击等课程。

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