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晚清军事变革:利益集团的互相掣肘中被拆了台

2016-04-21 13:50:27   中国青年报

当时全国上下如火如荼的尚武强军思潮,对晚清军事变革产生了很大影响。以尚武为核心的军事精神,诸如勇敢善战、诚实无欺、守纪服从、民族主义、爱国主义等逐渐蓬勃发展起来,一些军人开始摆脱自卑,军人这个职业得到广泛的社会尊重。

这个阶段,军人和军人文化从社会的边缘,逐渐进入社会变革的中心。尤其是一代青年知识分子参与军事的热情迅速高涨,军事职业在人们心目中的价值判断逐渐提高,为军事近代化变革提供了一个良好的社会氛围,也对尔后相当长一段时间内的中国军事产生了深刻的影响。

但是,大多数军人包括普通国民,由于受日本军国主义思想的影响,过于强化军队和武力的地位与作用,缺乏进步的民主、共和思想作为基础,也没有先进的理想和信仰作为引导,从而导致这场军事文化的变革未能全面、彻底、健康发展,对后来的历史产生了一些消极影响。后来出现的军事强人拥兵自重、军阀混战现象与此也有一定关系。

各方利益处理不妥导致军事变革效果受损

保守派改革派为各自利益相互掣肘,清廷不排解反利用矛盾进行牵制 美国史学家杜普伊曾说:“上次战争中的一代军人,他们习惯于那些陈旧的武器装备,以及与之相适应的过了时的军事思想,他们正是靠着这些装备和思想飞黄腾达的。”

晚清军事变革反对派的思想之所以保守,固然是由于其观念落后,同时也在于他们是旧体制的受益者。当时,传统的正规军八旗和绿营早已习惯弓马骑射,按照近代化的标准,首先需要整顿的就是他们。

洋务运动期间的军队编制体制变革之难,就因为要打破大大小小旧军人的铁饭碗。洋务派每有一项新的举措,保守派总要跳出来设置障碍,导致一些改革进行不下去。

同样,军事改革派的思想之所以先进,固然因为思想观念超前,或者有理想和信仰,具有爱国爱军情怀,但部分原因也在于他们是新体制或新旧体制转换中的受益者。像李鸿章、左宗棠等洋务派人物,通过训练军队、购买武器、开办军事工业,使自己的势力得到极大扩张。这些内在的利益矛盾和冲突,决定了晚清军事变革的规模、速度甚至整个面貌。

由于新旧军事体制的转换,必然导致一部分人的利益暂时受到损失。如果没有给这些人找到合适的出路,尤其是没有安置好那些根本利益受到损害的群体,改革也不可能顺利向前推进。在清朝兵制由古代向近代转化的过程中,大量湘军、绿营士兵因被裁减后缺乏相应安置措施而流入社会,后来引发了严重的社会问题。

对此,近代军事家蒋百里曾说:“无勇决之志者,不能开裁兵之先;无精密之智者,不能善裁兵之后也。”两者比较起来,有时后者更为重要。

同时,如果改革者得不到军事体制转型带来的实惠,军事变革也很难持续向前推进。对于大多数人来说,没有利益驱使,就没有持久的改革动力。

但是,一旦军事变革成为一个利益大蛋糕时,军事变革局面往往会产生严重的分散性。

在晚清,由于改革派从本利益集团出发,相互拆台,各领域很难形成联合。无论是训练新式军队、创办陆海军学校,还是开办近代军事工业,都是各自为政。更为重要的是,清王朝最高统治者不但不努力消除这些问题,有些时候还故意制造矛盾,以便于自己扶植一派牵制一派。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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