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晚清军事变革:利益集团的互相掣肘中被拆了台

2016-04-21 13:50:27   中国青年报

塑造军民尚武气质推动晚清军事变革

甲午战争使晚清军事变革由“师夷”走向“变器”,由“变器”走向“变道” “尚武”是当时人们一种很朦胧和模糊的认识和提法,实际上它的含义并不仅仅局限于崇尚武力,还包含了国防意识、英雄主义以及民族精神,等等。

“尚武”在各国的军事变革中本不是一个问题,但对于传统上“重文轻武”的中国来说,却是当时军事变革中不得不正视的一个问题。

甲午战争是中国近代史上影响极为深远的一场战争。战前,很少有人会预料到,堂堂天朝大国经过几十年军事变革后,会输给“蕞尔岛夷”。

但是,过去被中国看不起的学生日本,在经过一代人的努力之后,却无情地击败了自己的老师。因此,甲午战争对中国的刺激相当大,几乎所有人都觉得“败得不甘心,败得不光彩”。

悲痛之余,人们开始全面、长久的反省与思考,内容涉及装备技术、军事体制、战略战术、官僚体制、偶然因素、地理环境等许多方面。从此,晚清军事变革开始超越物质层面,进而从政治文化层面来探索中国军事落后、战争失败的根源,由“师夷”走向“变器”,由“变器”走向“变道”。所谓“变道”,主要包括政治军事制度、文化传统等方面,政治上的主题是“变法”,文化上的主题是“尚武”。

甲午战争惨败之后,很多中国人奔赴日本学习、考察,探求中国失败之因或进步之路。1906年,留日学生已达到一万人左右,其中军事留学生约占20%左右。这批学生到日本之后,感觉到了中日文化的强烈反差。他们认为中国失败的原因可能有很多种,但国民国防意识淡漠、军人战斗精神缺乏、长期“重文轻武”文化传统是其中重要原因。

当年,梁启超看见日本军营新兵入伍、老兵退役交替之际,场面非常热烈。而最震撼其心魄的,还是其中为新兵题写的标语——“祈战死”。梁启超感慨道:“中国历代诗歌皆言从军苦,日本之诗歌无不言从军乐”,“何相反之甚耶!”

自鸦片战争以后,面对帝国主义的侵略,当时的中国存在两种根本对立的观点。“主战”观点认为,帝国主义非常强大,反抗极其艰难。但是,为了国家独立、民族生存,只应该誓死抵抗,不应该苟且偷生。中国虽落后,但地广人多,只要前仆后继,坚持到底,最后必然能够取得胜利。既走一条“抗击—坚持—胜利”的道路。“和戎”观点则认为,中国远远落后于西方,以武力反抗必遭失败,求和是实事求是的负责态度,是真正“爱国”,而主张抵抗则是不负责任的“蛮干”。因此,最为明智的策略是放弃武力抵抗,尽早与侵略者签订和约,然后集中全力搞军事近代化,等赶上西方以后再跟他们较量。即走一条“和局—自强—御侮”的道路。

但是,通过对鸦片战争以来反侵略战争史的考察,很多人意识到,以“和”为主的策略根本不能保证民族的和平与安全。因为“和戎”道路首先需要解决一个问题:积贫积弱的中国,靠什么来争取和局?

最初,晚清统治者采取签订“和约”的方式,希望通过有限度地牺牲一定的国家利益来换取和平。但这完全是一厢情愿。每次大量主权或经济利益的损失,换来的是帝国主义更大的贪婪、更大的侵略。最初仅仅只有英国侵略中国,后来沙俄、法国、美国、日本等国家接踵而至,最后迎来八国联军入侵北京。

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