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晚清军事变革:利益集团的互相掣肘中被拆了台

2016-04-21 13:50:27   中国青年报

在后来的洋务运动期间,主张学习西方的总理大臣奕被称为“鬼子六”;总督丁日昌被称为“丁鬼奴”;中国第一位驻外外交官“郭嵩焘”,由于他极力倡导全面向西方学习,遭到全国上下的声讨。他是湖南人,但“湖南人至耻于为伍”。在中国近代化进程中,保守思想往往打着民族主义、爱国主义或捍卫华夏传统的“高尚”幌子,让改革派在政治上、道德上处于孤立或劣势的地位。

守旧思想顽固束缚,重武器装备和军事技术发展,编制体制、作战方式等却无进步 军事变革怎么变,有一个随着战败实践的发展、认识不断深化的过程。但只是在第二次鸦片战争之后,清政府才开始真正进行军事变革,其中一个原因就是不到黄河心不死。

在第二次鸦片战争期间,当英法联军从东南沿海一直打到天津、北京时,清王朝统治者才意识到,帝国面临的威胁不仅仅来自亚洲内陆,“重陆轻海”的战略思想遭受猛烈冲击;当僧格林沁的三千蒙古铁骑,对数百英法联军发起几个冲锋,只剩下几个人回来后,“弓马定天下”的理念被彻底粉碎;而沙俄趁火打劫侵占100多万平方公里,圆明园被英法联军劫掠一空,更是以血与火的形式告诉中国人当时的使命:中国必须近代化,特别是军事上的近代化。

面对当时险恶的形势,李鸿章发出了两个著名的慨叹:“数千年来未有之变局”、“数千年来未有之强敌”——高度概括了国家安全的空前严峻性。

因此,晚清军事变革之所以于第二次鸦片战争后真正启动,思想观念发生重大转变是重要原因之一。这种转变打开了晚清军事近代化的闸门,开始了以军事近代化为中心的洋务运动。

此后,晚清国防和军队建设经过30年左右的发展,在陆军火器化、建立近代海军、创办近代军事工业、革新军事教育等方面都取得了比较大的成就,并在某些领域呈现出“彻底性、开拓性、先进性”等特点。特别是海防建设,代表了洋务运动期间军事变革的最高成就。从1874年日本侵略台湾引发清廷第一次海防大讨论,到1888年北洋舰队正式成军,清王朝建立一支规模宏大的海军只用了十几年的时间。

但是,统治阶级依然抱着旧传统不放,特别是士大夫阶层,他们真诚地相信中国传统的文武制度具有战无不胜的力量。即使作为洋务派领军人物的李鸿章,去过欧洲、美国考察、参观,也照样认为:“中国文武制度,事事远出于西人之上,独火器不能及。”

因此,第二次鸦片战争后,尽管掀起了轰轰烈烈的洋务运动,但改革派在旧观念和旧势力的束缚下,虽然敢于部分破除旧传统,却又不敢触动封建旧根基,致使武器装备和军事技术的发展取得了较好的成绩,但在编制体制、作战方式等方面却少有进步和创新。

为什么解放思想如此难?美国汉学家兰比尔·沃拉曾说:“只有牢记伟大的中国传统,我们才能理解中国变革的时间进程。”因为中国悠久的文化传统既是民族的骄傲和崛起的基础,同时也是需要付出巨大努力才能超越的历史惰性。

后来清廷推行“新政”时,慈禧太后也承认:“误国家者在一私字,困天下者在一例字。”“例”指的就是因循守旧。

清王朝统治阶级是直到遭受甲午战争的惨败后,才痛下决心全面变革整个军事体制的。但如果从第一次鸦片战争算起,历史已经前进了半个多世纪。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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