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是谁起草了《清帝逊位诏书》?

2016-04-20 14:52:24   人民网

《清帝逊位诏书》是集体协商的结晶

而在事实上,《清帝逊位诏书》结尾采用“岂不懿欤”的最为直接的原因,是在与其相配套的清帝逊位优待条件诏书中,已经采用“有厚望焉”的结束语。“岂不懿欤”四个字在当年的皇家诏书中其实是一种常用套话,叶恭绰“凤冈及门弟子”以及刘厚生拿这四个字大做以讹传讹的小文章,恰恰反证了他们因为层级太低而接触不到核心机密的眼光短浅和格局狭隘。

相比之下,赵凤昌(竹君)的儿子、辛亥革命期间只有14岁的赵尊岳,在写于1961年的《惜阴堂辛亥革命记》中,表现出的更是捕风捉影的信口开河:“张手稿存惜阴堂有年,某年《申报》国庆增刊,属余记辛亥事,因影印以存其真,惟张谱失载其事。至孝若、刘垣载传,始揭出之。先公尝语张曰:朝廷养士三百年,君以文士,策名状头,固不当善为之词,以酬特达之知耶。胡汉民初不知其事,以为别出他手。至孝若传记及影印本出,始爽然自愧失言矣。”关于这段文字,傅国涌评论说,“遗憾的是在《申报》上找不到这份影印件,张謇本人的日记、自订年谱也找不到任何痕迹。张謇到底是否起草了退位诏书初稿,迄今仍无法定论。??这样一份划分时代的文件,当然不可能出自一个人之手,而是经过多次筹商、讨论、修改的。”

综合上述材料,《清帝逊位诏书》显然不是出自一人之手,而是南北双方的隆裕太后、袁世凯、孙中山、伍廷芳、唐绍仪、汪精卫、梁士诒、阮忠枢、张元奇、汪荣宝、徐世昌、朱芾煌、李石曾等人反复协商修改的集体智慧的结晶。张謇日记中的相关记录足以证明,他既不是《清帝逊位诏书》最初草稿的撰稿人,也不是最终定稿的撰稿人。在反复改写的逊位诏书的起草者甘愿隐退的情况下,非要凭借并不充足完整的证据链条来证实该项诏书出自张謇或别人之手,是完全没有必要的。需要充分肯定的其实只有一点:真正意义上的共和立宪,并不只是取消大清王朝的皇权帝制,而是在相互平等的双方及多方之间,依照以人为本、主权在民、权为民所赋、程序正义优先于实体正义的宪政法理,成功实现最多同类项和最大公约数的求同存异、协商一致。这份兼有国家宪法契约和国际外交契约性质的逊位诏书,所呈现的正是从事南北双方共和协商的相关人等最为广泛的价值共识。

张謇日记中的相关记录足以证明,他既不是《清帝逊位诏书》最初草稿的撰稿人,也不是最终定稿的撰稿人。在反复改写的逊位诏书的起草者甘愿隐退的情况下,非要凭借并不充足完整的证据链条来证实该项诏书出自张謇或别人之手,是完全没有必要的……

辛亥年腊月二十五日即1912年2月12日,刚刚六岁的宣统皇帝溥仪,奉隆裕太后懿旨下诏逊位,既终结了大清王朝持续268年的异族统治,也终结了中国历史上长达数千年的家天下、私天下的皇权专制。在此后的100年间,到底是谁执笔起草了该项诏书,一直是众说纷纭的历史悬案。

傅国涌在《百年辛亥:亲历者的私人记录》一书中,围绕《清帝逊位诏书》的反复协商,较为全面地罗列了第一手的文献资料,其中较早提到逊位诏书的是资政院议员、协纂宪法大臣汪荣宝(衮甫),和具有全国性影响力的江苏省临时议会议长张謇(季直)。1912年1月19日,家住天津的汪荣宝在日记中记载,他听说逊位诏书已经预备妥帖,三四日必当宣布。1月20日,家住江苏南通的张謇也在日记中记载说,他看到了隆裕太后不日逊位之报。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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