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是谁起草了《清帝逊位诏书》?

2016-04-20 14:52:24   人民网

1月22日,汪荣宝听说“内阁拟就上谕两道,一为逊国,一为宣战,阁臣不自擅决,付诸皇族会议。但若采用乙种办法,阁臣即一律辞职。”这一天是旧历辛亥年的腊月初四,据张謇日记记载,他于当天来到上海,“知北方逊位诏初三日本可下,以南方一电疑而沮焉。”

由此可知,早在腊月初三也就是1912年1月21日之前,已经存在着一稿与张謇和汪荣宝都没有直接关系的《清帝逊位诏书》。张謇所说的“疑而沮焉”,指的是孙中山于1月18日电告伍廷芳,要求由唐绍仪向袁世凯转告五条要约:一、清帝退位,其一切政权同时消灭,不得私授于其臣。二、在北京不得更设临时政府。三、得北京实行退位电,即由民国政府以清帝退位之故,电问各国,要求承认中华民国彼各国之回章。四、文即向参议院辞职,宣布定期解职。五、请参议院公举袁世凯为大总统,如此方于事实上完善。

据伍廷芳在《共和关键录》中记载,由于逊位诏书没有按照原定计划于1月21日如期颁布,他于当天致电孙中山通报与袁世凯之间的交涉情况,同时建议清帝逊位之后,“宜由袁世凯君与南京临时政府协商,以两方同意组织统一全国政府”。《清帝逊位诏书》中最具争议的“即由袁世凯以全权组织临时共和政府,与民军协商统一办法”一句话,显然脱胎于伍廷芳的这份电文。孙中山收到电文后,撇开南北双方秘密进行的议和程序,于1月22日采取公开通电方式表达自己的强烈不满:“就各来电视之,袁意不独欲去满政府,并须同时取消民国政府,自在北京另行组织临时政府,则此种临时政府将为君主立宪政府乎?抑民主政府乎?人谁知之?纵彼有谓为民主政府,又谁为保证?”

孙中山在该项通电中提出最后通牒式的五条办法:其一,清帝退位,由袁同时知照驻京各国公使电知民国政府现在清帝已经退位,或转饬驻沪领事转达亦可。其二,同时袁须宣布政见,绝对赞同共和主义。其三,文接到外交团或领事团通知清帝退位布告后,即行辞职。其四,由参议院举袁为临时总统。其五,袁被举为临时总统后,“誓守参议院所定之宪法,乃能接受事权”。

随着秘密议和的内容被孙中山单方面公开曝光,包括清帝逊位条件在内的议和谈判只好推倒重来。2月1日,汪荣宝听说逊位诏书将于2月4日颁布。同一天,与袁世凯关系密切的英国《泰晤士报》驻北京记者莫理循在日记中写道:“退位诏书将在2月4日宣布,我生日的那一天!”

2月2日,专门负责协助内阁大臣起草朝廷诏书圣旨的许宝衡在日记中记载,他于当天到公署,听说国务大臣入对商酌优待条件,隆裕太后甚为满意,皇室亲贵也表示认可。同一天,人在天津的汪荣宝,听说逊位诏书已经于午后四时颁布。

2月3日,许宝衡在日记中写道:“六时起,到公署,总理入对??”羁留上海的张謇在当天日记中记载,他听说袁世凯(慰廷)当天进宫,“陈说逊位及优待条件”。同一天,袁世凯将经过隆裕太后认可的《关于大清皇帝优礼之条件》九款、《关于皇族待遇之条件》四款、《关于蒙满回藏各族待遇之条件》七款,分别列作甲、乙、丙三项电告伍廷芳。

2月4日,汪荣宝从《北京日报》看到的消息是,逊位诏书当天不能发表,有缓至8日之说。张謇在当天日记中写道:“闻慰廷已有议优待条件之权。”同一天下午,伍廷芳、唐绍仪、汪精卫从上海来到南京。当天晚上,孙中山召集各部总次长在总统府讨论袁世凯电告的优待条件。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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