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谁是“九一八”事变始作俑者:日本天皇未批准

2016-04-19 14:35:55   人民网

为尽快结束上海的战事,犬养毅内阁根据陆相荒木贞夫的提议,于2月23日决定向上海增派第11、14两个师团,组成“上海派遣军”,任命原田中内阁的陆相、最高军事参议白川义则大将为司令官。24日下午4时,内阁的上奏得到了天皇的批准。在2月25日白川义则的任命仪式上,天皇裕仁指示道:“在将中国第十九路军从上海击退之后,不要长追不舍,希望在3月3日国际联盟大会召开之前能够停战。”

3月1日黎明,日本陆军第11师团1万人在80多架日机的掩护下从长江的七丫口七丫口:又称七浦,在江苏省常熟县。登陆,占领了中国军队背后的浏河镇。同时日军第9师团也于3月1日发动第3次攻击,绕过江湾,于次日攻占大场镇。已苦战一个月之久的第十九路军和第五军腹背受敌,伤亡惨重,又得不到蒋介石的增援,为保存力量只能于3月1日晚全部退守至第二道防线,即黄渡、嘉定、太仓一线。

日本军部仍不肯罢手,他们给白川大将的指令是:向太湖前进。但白川忠实地执行了天皇裕仁的指示,于3月3日下午向日军发出了停战的命令。据说裕仁天皇在战后曾同近臣谈到上海事变时夸耀道:“在上海,将战区作某种程度的限制,以防止事件的扩大,这是白川(义则)大将的功劳。3月3日实现了停火。但这并不是依据参谋本部的奉敕命令,而是因为我已特地命令白川不得扩大事端。”

《裕仁天皇独白录》(中译本),《世界史研究动态》,1991年第8期。很显然,天皇裕仁是在为自己表功。事实上,日本之所以罢手停战,是在遭到中国守军的顽强抵抗,以至四易主帅、连吃败仗,在西方列强的一再警告和干涉声中,不得已而采取的一种“保住面子”的策略。

上海停战后,天皇裕仁对派遣军大加褒奖,命令议会准予追加军事预算,并于3月16日颁赐敕语:“派往上海方面的陆、海军将兵,齐心协力,以寡克众,使皇军的威武扬于海内外,朕深嘉其忠烈。”

[日]《朝日新闻》,1932年3月16日。 尽管裕仁侥幸躲过了李奉昌的暗杀,但他的爱将、在沈阳躲过了王亚樵行刺的白川义则就没那么幸运了。4月29日正是日本所谓的“天长节”庆祝日本天皇诞辰的节日,1932年4月29日是裕仁天皇31岁生日。,占据上海的日本侵略军在上海虹口公园举行了庆祝仪式,白川义则也出席了这一庆祝活动。王亚樵与金九再度策划了行刺活动,当日本国歌《君之代》的乐曲接近尾声时,朝鲜义士尹奉吉将一颗自制高爆力炸弹投掷到了主席台上,白川义则等7人被炸伤,当时的日本驻华公使、后来在日本战败投降书上签字的重光葵也被炸掉了一条腿。白川义则因伤势过重被送回国内,在一个月后死去。行刺者尹奉吉当场被捕,同年底在日本的石川县金泽市英勇就义。

闻知白川被炸伤后,伤心不已的裕仁于5月23日亲自看望了受重伤住院的白川,对其大加赞扬:“作为上海军司令官,在异地奋力作战,终于完成任务,显扬了国威。”并对周围的人们说,“白川是好样的!”[日]尾崎胜敏:《人间·昭和天皇裕仁》,原书房,1999年,第87页。 白川的死被当作战死,其灵位也被祀奉在了靖国神社。第二年春天例行大祭时,裕仁在白川的灵位前叩首。回想起白川的一片忠诚,裕仁暗中流下了眼泪。后来,天皇还把这种感慨写成了诗赐给了白川的遗孀。

少女逢雏祭“雏祭”日,即3月3日,为日本传统的女儿节。,

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