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谁是“九一八”事变始作俑者:日本天皇未批准

2016-04-19 14:35:55   人民网

战火纷纷势无羁,

朕心愁不已,

难得爱卿排万难,

停战有功当永记。 天皇亲书诗词赠与臣下,以往并无先例,同时又担心给军部的刺激太大,所以长期没有公布。

“一·二八”事变历时35天,日军四易主帅,死伤3000余人,同时还引起了西方列强的联合干涉,日本一度陷入了四面楚歌、孤立无援的困境。但“一·二八”事变后不久,日本关东军又把侵略矛头指向了华北。

1933年1月3日,关东军步兵第四旅团在飞机大炮的掩护下,占领了东北通往华北的咽喉山海关。3月中旬热河全省沦陷,4月17日滦东地区也被日军占领。

关东军出兵热河,曾得到了裕仁天皇的首肯和批准。1933年3月24日,关东军副参谋长冈村宁次奉命回国向天皇报告热河的作战情况。据冈村宁次的回忆,天皇“颇为热心地听取了我的上奏”

[日]稻叶正夫:《冈村宁次回忆录》,中华书局,1981年,第441页。4月15日,天皇裕仁还向侵占热河的日军颁赐了敕语:“在热河方面作战的关东军将兵,冒风雪逾艰险,长驱速进以寡敌众,扬皇军之威望于中外,朕深嘉其忠烈。惟世界形势不容顷刻苟且,汝等将兵应养其锐力,朕深有厚望。”

裕仁天皇虽对关东军侵占热河表示了赞同的态度,但对关东军越过长城占领长城以南的滦东地区,却有些忧虑。关东军在滦东一路深入,英国政府为其权益曾向日本政府提出过严重抗议,裕仁天皇对此惊恐不安。另外,裕仁也担心在准备不足的情况下贸然深入会付出惨重的代价。4月19日,天皇召见陆军参谋次长真崎甚三郎,曾当面质问:“关东军还没有从滦河一线撤退吗?”被召见后的真崎立即向关东军参谋长小矶国昭发出密电,表示“如不立即撤退,将奉敕令下达撤退命令”。4月20日,关东军司令部只得密令关东军陆续从滦东撤回长城线,但仍“要保持威胁华北反抗势力的态势”。

5月2日,小矶国昭在东京与参谋本部和陆军省商定了“沿长城作战”、“以迫降为主,内变策应为从”的关内作战方案,并奏请天皇批准。关东军司令部于次日便下达了入侵关内的命令,关东军再次向滦东发起进攻,同时强渡滦河侵袭滦西,华北形势危在旦夕。5月31日,蒋介石政府被迫与日本缔结了《塘沽协定》,事实上承认了日本占领东三省和热河的合法性,并承认冀东为“非武装区”,使整个华北被置于日军的监视和控制之下。

《塘沽协定》签订后,裕仁天皇曾亲临靖国神社向阵亡将士的亡灵“报捷”,表达自己的欣喜之情。此后,日本政府更是得寸进尺,在华北频繁制造事端,并先后迫使蒋介石政府签订了《何梅协定》和《秦土协定》,攫取了冀、察两省的主权。1936年4月,经裕仁天皇批准,华北驻屯军的一年轮换制改为永驻制;原来的两个步兵大队扩大为由两个步兵团和炮兵团、坦克队、骑兵队、工兵队组成的战略兵团,总兵力扩大到5000余人。华北驻屯军司令官的地位也随之升格,由少将级升格为中将级,由军部任命改为天皇直接任命的“亲补职”。日本陆军第1师团长田代皖一郎中将成为由天皇亲自任命的第一任司令官。日本军队的各项变动,骤然使华北地区乌云密布,更大规模的风暴即将来临。

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